Water Footprint Assessment of Green and Traditional Cultivation of Crops in the Huang-Huai-Hai Farming Region
With the increasing consumer awareness and knowledge about safe and healthy food, it is imperative to develop ‘green’ crops with reduced fertilizer application for quality food production, environmental protection and sustainable agricultural development. This study systematically evaluated and comp...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/10/2494 |
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| author | Jinran Xiong Fangting Liang Xiaolin Yang Taisheng Du Steven Pacenka Tammo S. Steenhuis Kadambot H. M. Siddique |
| author_facet | Jinran Xiong Fangting Liang Xiaolin Yang Taisheng Du Steven Pacenka Tammo S. Steenhuis Kadambot H. M. Siddique |
| author_sort | Jinran Xiong |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | With the increasing consumer awareness and knowledge about safe and healthy food, it is imperative to develop ‘green’ crops with reduced fertilizer application for quality food production, environmental protection and sustainable agricultural development. This study systematically evaluated and compared the water footprint (<i>WF</i>) including <i>WF<sub>blue</sub></i>, <i>WF<sub>green</sub></i> and <i>WF<sub>grey</sub></i> of eight crops including wheat, maize, rice, sweet potato, soybean, millet, mung bean and sorghum under green and traditional cultivation in the Huang-Huai-Hai farming region. The data came from 252 onsite questionnaires conducted in 2018 for land under green and traditional cultivation by 19 green planting companies and farming cooperatives with green food production certification authorized by the government of China. The results revealed that, compared to traditional cultivation, green cultivation under reduced N fertilizer application (1) decreased crop yields by 3–13%; (2) reduced the average <i>WF<sub>total</sub></i> by 29% to 1168 m<sup>3</sup> t<sup>−1</sup> and average <i>WF<sub>grey</sub></i> by 57% to 419 m<sup>3</sup> t<sup>−1</sup> with no significant differences in <i>WF<sub>blue</sub></i> and <i>WF<sub>green</sub></i>; (3) decreased the <i>WF<sub>total</sub></i> of maize by 55%, rice by 41%, wheat by 27%, mung bean by 31%, sorghum by 24%, sweet potato by 19%, millet by 17% and soybean by 17%. The <i>WF<sub>grey</sub></i> proportion of <i>WF<sub>total</sub></i> under green cultivation ranged from 27–57% and contributed the most to the decline in <i>WF<sub>total</sub></i>. This study offers insight into the impact of green cultivation on water requirements and pollution relative to traditional cultivation. Precision N fertilizer application and improved N use efficiencies on-farm are important pathways to sustainable agricultural development. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:53:30Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-5f56002579d54c589e63d76e50bba20f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T20:53:30Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-5f56002579d54c589e63d76e50bba20f2023-11-23T22:28:11ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952022-10-011210249410.3390/agronomy12102494Water Footprint Assessment of Green and Traditional Cultivation of Crops in the Huang-Huai-Hai Farming RegionJinran Xiong0Fangting Liang1Xiaolin Yang2Taisheng Du3Steven Pacenka4Tammo S. Steenhuis5Kadambot H. M. Siddique6Center for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaCollege of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, ChinaCenter for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaCenter for Agricultural Water Research in China, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083, ChinaDepartment of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Riley-Robb Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USADepartment of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Riley-Robb Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USAThe UWA Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, AustraliaWith the increasing consumer awareness and knowledge about safe and healthy food, it is imperative to develop ‘green’ crops with reduced fertilizer application for quality food production, environmental protection and sustainable agricultural development. This study systematically evaluated and compared the water footprint (<i>WF</i>) including <i>WF<sub>blue</sub></i>, <i>WF<sub>green</sub></i> and <i>WF<sub>grey</sub></i> of eight crops including wheat, maize, rice, sweet potato, soybean, millet, mung bean and sorghum under green and traditional cultivation in the Huang-Huai-Hai farming region. The data came from 252 onsite questionnaires conducted in 2018 for land under green and traditional cultivation by 19 green planting companies and farming cooperatives with green food production certification authorized by the government of China. The results revealed that, compared to traditional cultivation, green cultivation under reduced N fertilizer application (1) decreased crop yields by 3–13%; (2) reduced the average <i>WF<sub>total</sub></i> by 29% to 1168 m<sup>3</sup> t<sup>−1</sup> and average <i>WF<sub>grey</sub></i> by 57% to 419 m<sup>3</sup> t<sup>−1</sup> with no significant differences in <i>WF<sub>blue</sub></i> and <i>WF<sub>green</sub></i>; (3) decreased the <i>WF<sub>total</sub></i> of maize by 55%, rice by 41%, wheat by 27%, mung bean by 31%, sorghum by 24%, sweet potato by 19%, millet by 17% and soybean by 17%. The <i>WF<sub>grey</sub></i> proportion of <i>WF<sub>total</sub></i> under green cultivation ranged from 27–57% and contributed the most to the decline in <i>WF<sub>total</sub></i>. This study offers insight into the impact of green cultivation on water requirements and pollution relative to traditional cultivation. Precision N fertilizer application and improved N use efficiencies on-farm are important pathways to sustainable agricultural development.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/10/2494sustainable crop productiongreen cultivationgrey water footprintnitrogen reduction |
| spellingShingle | Jinran Xiong Fangting Liang Xiaolin Yang Taisheng Du Steven Pacenka Tammo S. Steenhuis Kadambot H. M. Siddique Water Footprint Assessment of Green and Traditional Cultivation of Crops in the Huang-Huai-Hai Farming Region Agronomy sustainable crop production green cultivation grey water footprint nitrogen reduction |
| title | Water Footprint Assessment of Green and Traditional Cultivation of Crops in the Huang-Huai-Hai Farming Region |
| title_full | Water Footprint Assessment of Green and Traditional Cultivation of Crops in the Huang-Huai-Hai Farming Region |
| title_fullStr | Water Footprint Assessment of Green and Traditional Cultivation of Crops in the Huang-Huai-Hai Farming Region |
| title_full_unstemmed | Water Footprint Assessment of Green and Traditional Cultivation of Crops in the Huang-Huai-Hai Farming Region |
| title_short | Water Footprint Assessment of Green and Traditional Cultivation of Crops in the Huang-Huai-Hai Farming Region |
| title_sort | water footprint assessment of green and traditional cultivation of crops in the huang huai hai farming region |
| topic | sustainable crop production green cultivation grey water footprint nitrogen reduction |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/10/2494 |
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