Multilevel Analysis of the Influence of Maternal Smoking and Alcohol Consumption on the Facial Shape of English Adolescents

This cross-sectional study aims to assess the influence of maternal smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy on the facial shape of non-syndromic English adolescents and demonstrate the potential benefits of using multilevel principal component analysis (mPCA). A cohort of 3755 non-syndromic...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Jennifer Galloway, Damian J.J. Farnell, Stephen Richmond, Alexei I. Zhurov
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2020-05-01
Series:Journal of Imaging
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/6/5/34