Multilevel Analysis of the Influence of Maternal Smoking and Alcohol Consumption on the Facial Shape of English Adolescents
This cross-sectional study aims to assess the influence of maternal smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy on the facial shape of non-syndromic English adolescents and demonstrate the potential benefits of using multilevel principal component analysis (mPCA). A cohort of 3755 non-syndromic...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2020-05-01
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| Series: | Journal of Imaging |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/6/5/34 |
| _version_ | 1797567629218545664 |
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| author | Jennifer Galloway Damian J.J. Farnell Stephen Richmond Alexei I. Zhurov |
| author_facet | Jennifer Galloway Damian J.J. Farnell Stephen Richmond Alexei I. Zhurov |
| author_sort | Jennifer Galloway |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This cross-sectional study aims to assess the influence of maternal smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy on the facial shape of non-syndromic English adolescents and demonstrate the potential benefits of using multilevel principal component analysis (mPCA). A cohort of 3755 non-syndromic 15-year-olds from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), England, were included. Maternal smoking and alcohol consumption during the 1st and 2nd trimesters of pregnancy were determined via questionnaire at 18 weeks gestation. 21 facial landmarks, used as a proxy for the main facial features, were manually plotted onto 3D facial scans of the participants. The effect of maternal smoking and maternal alcohol consumption (average 1–2 glasses per week) was minimal, with 0.66% and 0.48% of the variation in the 21 landmarks of non-syndromic offspring explained, respectively. This study provides a further example of mPCA being used effectively as a descriptive analysis in facial shape research. This is the first example of mPCA being extended to four levels to assess the influence of environmental factors. Further work on the influence of high/low levels of smoking and alcohol and providing inferential evidence is required. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:44:44Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6200cd17b21f4a909ed7cd3b49966fa8 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2313-433X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:44:44Z |
| publishDate | 2020-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Journal of Imaging |
| spelling | doaj.art-6200cd17b21f4a909ed7cd3b49966fa82023-11-20T00:53:59ZengMDPI AGJournal of Imaging2313-433X2020-05-01653410.3390/jimaging6050034Multilevel Analysis of the Influence of Maternal Smoking and Alcohol Consumption on the Facial Shape of English AdolescentsJennifer Galloway0Damian J.J. Farnell1Stephen Richmond2Alexei I. Zhurov3School of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UKSchool of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UKSchool of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UKSchool of Dentistry, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UKThis cross-sectional study aims to assess the influence of maternal smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy on the facial shape of non-syndromic English adolescents and demonstrate the potential benefits of using multilevel principal component analysis (mPCA). A cohort of 3755 non-syndromic 15-year-olds from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), England, were included. Maternal smoking and alcohol consumption during the 1st and 2nd trimesters of pregnancy were determined via questionnaire at 18 weeks gestation. 21 facial landmarks, used as a proxy for the main facial features, were manually plotted onto 3D facial scans of the participants. The effect of maternal smoking and maternal alcohol consumption (average 1–2 glasses per week) was minimal, with 0.66% and 0.48% of the variation in the 21 landmarks of non-syndromic offspring explained, respectively. This study provides a further example of mPCA being used effectively as a descriptive analysis in facial shape research. This is the first example of mPCA being extended to four levels to assess the influence of environmental factors. Further work on the influence of high/low levels of smoking and alcohol and providing inferential evidence is required.https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/6/5/34smokingalcoholfacial shapemultilevel PCAALSPAC |
| spellingShingle | Jennifer Galloway Damian J.J. Farnell Stephen Richmond Alexei I. Zhurov Multilevel Analysis of the Influence of Maternal Smoking and Alcohol Consumption on the Facial Shape of English Adolescents Journal of Imaging smoking alcohol facial shape multilevel PCA ALSPAC |
| title | Multilevel Analysis of the Influence of Maternal Smoking and Alcohol Consumption on the Facial Shape of English Adolescents |
| title_full | Multilevel Analysis of the Influence of Maternal Smoking and Alcohol Consumption on the Facial Shape of English Adolescents |
| title_fullStr | Multilevel Analysis of the Influence of Maternal Smoking and Alcohol Consumption on the Facial Shape of English Adolescents |
| title_full_unstemmed | Multilevel Analysis of the Influence of Maternal Smoking and Alcohol Consumption on the Facial Shape of English Adolescents |
| title_short | Multilevel Analysis of the Influence of Maternal Smoking and Alcohol Consumption on the Facial Shape of English Adolescents |
| title_sort | multilevel analysis of the influence of maternal smoking and alcohol consumption on the facial shape of english adolescents |
| topic | smoking alcohol facial shape multilevel PCA ALSPAC |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/6/5/34 |
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