Multilevel Analysis of the Influence of Maternal Smoking and Alcohol Consumption on the Facial Shape of English Adolescents

Multilevel Analysis of the Influence of Maternal Smoking and Alcohol Consumption on the Facial Shape of English Adolescents

This cross-sectional study aims to assess the influence of maternal smoking and alcohol consumption during pregnancy on the facial shape of non-syndromic English adolescents and demonstrate the potential benefits of using multilevel principal component analysis (mPCA). A cohort of 3755 non-syndromic...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Jennifer Galloway, Damian J.J. Farnell, Stephen Richmond, Alexei I. Zhurov
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2020-05-01
Series:Journal of Imaging
Subjects:
smoking
alcohol
facial shape
multilevel PCA
ALSPAC
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2313-433X/6/5/34

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