Antiviral Activity of Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein (ZAP) in Different Virus Families
The CCCH-type zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) in humans, specifically isoforms ZAP-L and ZAP-S, is a crucial component of the cell’s intrinsic immune response. ZAP acts as a post-transcriptional RNA restriction factor, exhibiting its activity during infections caused by retroviruses and alphavir...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Pathogens |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/12/1461 |
| _version_ | 1797379712369033216 |
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| author | Kívia Queiroz de Andrade Claudio Cesar Cirne-Santos |
| author_facet | Kívia Queiroz de Andrade Claudio Cesar Cirne-Santos |
| author_sort | Kívia Queiroz de Andrade |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The CCCH-type zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) in humans, specifically isoforms ZAP-L and ZAP-S, is a crucial component of the cell’s intrinsic immune response. ZAP acts as a post-transcriptional RNA restriction factor, exhibiting its activity during infections caused by retroviruses and alphaviruses. Its function involves binding to CpG (cytosine-phosphate-guanine) dinucleotide sequences present in viral RNA, thereby directing it towards degradation. Since vertebrate cells have a suppressed frequency of CpG dinucleotides, ZAP is capable of distinguishing foreign genetic elements. The expression of ZAP leads to the reduction of viral replication and impedes the assembly of new virus particles. However, the specific mechanisms underlying these effects have yet to be fully understood. Several questions regarding ZAP’s mechanism of action remain unanswered, including the impact of CpG dinucleotide quantity on ZAP’s activity, whether this sequence is solely required for the binding between ZAP and viral RNA, and whether the recruitment of cofactors is dependent on cell type, among others. This review aims to integrate the findings from studies that elucidate ZAP’s antiviral role in various viral infections, discuss gaps that need to be filled through further studies, and shed light on new potential targets for therapeutic intervention. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:26:57Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-623cb4fa862e45adb62395c574c12815 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-0817 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T20:26:57Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Pathogens |
| spelling | doaj.art-623cb4fa862e45adb62395c574c128152023-12-22T14:31:05ZengMDPI AGPathogens2076-08172023-12-011212146110.3390/pathogens12121461Antiviral Activity of Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein (ZAP) in Different Virus FamiliesKívia Queiroz de Andrade0Claudio Cesar Cirne-Santos1Laboratory of Immunology of Infectious Disease, Immunology Department, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-000, SP, BrazilLaboratory of Molecular Virology and Marine Biotechnology, Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biology, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-150, RJ, BrazilThe CCCH-type zinc finger antiviral protein (ZAP) in humans, specifically isoforms ZAP-L and ZAP-S, is a crucial component of the cell’s intrinsic immune response. ZAP acts as a post-transcriptional RNA restriction factor, exhibiting its activity during infections caused by retroviruses and alphaviruses. Its function involves binding to CpG (cytosine-phosphate-guanine) dinucleotide sequences present in viral RNA, thereby directing it towards degradation. Since vertebrate cells have a suppressed frequency of CpG dinucleotides, ZAP is capable of distinguishing foreign genetic elements. The expression of ZAP leads to the reduction of viral replication and impedes the assembly of new virus particles. However, the specific mechanisms underlying these effects have yet to be fully understood. Several questions regarding ZAP’s mechanism of action remain unanswered, including the impact of CpG dinucleotide quantity on ZAP’s activity, whether this sequence is solely required for the binding between ZAP and viral RNA, and whether the recruitment of cofactors is dependent on cell type, among others. This review aims to integrate the findings from studies that elucidate ZAP’s antiviral role in various viral infections, discuss gaps that need to be filled through further studies, and shed light on new potential targets for therapeutic intervention.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/12/1461ZAP proteinPARP-13antiviral activity |
| spellingShingle | Kívia Queiroz de Andrade Claudio Cesar Cirne-Santos Antiviral Activity of Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein (ZAP) in Different Virus Families Pathogens ZAP protein PARP-13 antiviral activity |
| title | Antiviral Activity of Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein (ZAP) in Different Virus Families |
| title_full | Antiviral Activity of Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein (ZAP) in Different Virus Families |
| title_fullStr | Antiviral Activity of Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein (ZAP) in Different Virus Families |
| title_full_unstemmed | Antiviral Activity of Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein (ZAP) in Different Virus Families |
| title_short | Antiviral Activity of Zinc Finger Antiviral Protein (ZAP) in Different Virus Families |
| title_sort | antiviral activity of zinc finger antiviral protein zap in different virus families |
| topic | ZAP protein PARP-13 antiviral activity |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-0817/12/12/1461 |
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