Drought Variability and Characteristics in the Muda River Basin of Malaysia from 1985 to 2019
This study aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal changes of historical droughts over the Muda River basin (MRB), Malaysia, from 1985 to 2019 using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI). The Mann–Kendall test and Sens’ slope were used to evaluate the tre...
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MDPI AG
2021-09-01
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author | Zibeon bin Luhaim Mou Leong Tan Fredolin Tangang Zed Zulkafli Kwok Pan Chun Zulkifli Yusop Zaher Mundher Yaseen |
author_facet | Zibeon bin Luhaim Mou Leong Tan Fredolin Tangang Zed Zulkafli Kwok Pan Chun Zulkifli Yusop Zaher Mundher Yaseen |
author_sort | Zibeon bin Luhaim |
collection | DOAJ |
description | This study aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal changes of historical droughts over the Muda River basin (MRB), Malaysia, from 1985 to 2019 using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI). The Mann–Kendall test and Sens’ slope were used to evaluate the trends and magnitude changes in the droughts, respectively, while Spearman’s rho was applied to understand the relationships of the droughts with large-scale atmospheric circulations, such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO). The results show that the intense droughts in the MRB mostly occurred in 1991–1992, 1995, 1998, 2002–2003, 2005–2006, 2008, 2012–2013, and 2016. In addition, a declining SPI trend was found from May to December at most of the stations. About 80% of the stations experienced about 10 severely dry droughts, while almost all stations experienced at least 5 extremely dry events. Moreover, a higher response rate of the SSI than the SPI was found during low-rainfall months from January to May. Lastly, ENSO had a larger impact on the drought formations over the MRB compared to the IOD and MJO, especially during the dry period. |
first_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:54:09Z |
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id | doaj.art-62d579532fbf4061b8f66a083da74cda |
institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
issn | 2073-4433 |
language | English |
last_indexed | 2024-03-10T07:54:09Z |
publishDate | 2021-09-01 |
publisher | MDPI AG |
record_format | Article |
series | Atmosphere |
spelling | doaj.art-62d579532fbf4061b8f66a083da74cda2023-11-22T12:00:56ZengMDPI AGAtmosphere2073-44332021-09-01129121010.3390/atmos12091210Drought Variability and Characteristics in the Muda River Basin of Malaysia from 1985 to 2019Zibeon bin Luhaim0Mou Leong Tan1Fredolin Tangang2Zed Zulkafli3Kwok Pan Chun4Zulkifli Yusop5Zaher Mundher Yaseen6GeoInformatic Unit, Geography Section, School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, MalaysiaGeoInformatic Unit, Geography Section, School of Humanities, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Penang, MalaysiaDepartment of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi 43600, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Civil Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 143400, Selangor, MalaysiaDepartment of Geography, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong 999077, ChinaCenter for Environmental Sustainability and Water Security (IPASA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), Skudai 81310, Johore, MalaysiaNew Era and Development in Civil Engineering Research Group, Scientific Research Center, Al-Ayen University, Nasiriyah 64001, Thi-Qar, IraqThis study aimed to analyze the spatiotemporal changes of historical droughts over the Muda River basin (MRB), Malaysia, from 1985 to 2019 using the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Streamflow Index (SSI). The Mann–Kendall test and Sens’ slope were used to evaluate the trends and magnitude changes in the droughts, respectively, while Spearman’s rho was applied to understand the relationships of the droughts with large-scale atmospheric circulations, such as the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD), and the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO). The results show that the intense droughts in the MRB mostly occurred in 1991–1992, 1995, 1998, 2002–2003, 2005–2006, 2008, 2012–2013, and 2016. In addition, a declining SPI trend was found from May to December at most of the stations. About 80% of the stations experienced about 10 severely dry droughts, while almost all stations experienced at least 5 extremely dry events. Moreover, a higher response rate of the SSI than the SPI was found during low-rainfall months from January to May. Lastly, ENSO had a larger impact on the drought formations over the MRB compared to the IOD and MJO, especially during the dry period.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/9/1210droughtStandardized Precipitation Index (SPI)Muda RiverMalaysiatropical rainfallENSO |
spellingShingle | Zibeon bin Luhaim Mou Leong Tan Fredolin Tangang Zed Zulkafli Kwok Pan Chun Zulkifli Yusop Zaher Mundher Yaseen Drought Variability and Characteristics in the Muda River Basin of Malaysia from 1985 to 2019 Atmosphere drought Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) Muda River Malaysia tropical rainfall ENSO |
title | Drought Variability and Characteristics in the Muda River Basin of Malaysia from 1985 to 2019 |
title_full | Drought Variability and Characteristics in the Muda River Basin of Malaysia from 1985 to 2019 |
title_fullStr | Drought Variability and Characteristics in the Muda River Basin of Malaysia from 1985 to 2019 |
title_full_unstemmed | Drought Variability and Characteristics in the Muda River Basin of Malaysia from 1985 to 2019 |
title_short | Drought Variability and Characteristics in the Muda River Basin of Malaysia from 1985 to 2019 |
title_sort | drought variability and characteristics in the muda river basin of malaysia from 1985 to 2019 |
topic | drought Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) Muda River Malaysia tropical rainfall ENSO |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4433/12/9/1210 |
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