A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts
The exploration of non-edible oils as a feedstock has been positively affect the economic viability of biodiesel production. Due to the high level of free fatty acid (FFA) in non-edible oils, esterification is needed to remove the acidity to the minimum level before base-catalyzed transesterificati...
| Main Authors: | , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)
2016-08-01
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| Series: | Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis |
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| Online Access: | https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/view/549 |
| _version_ | 1827810255175680000 |
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| author | Nurul Asmawati Roslan Mohammad Haniff Che Hasnan Norhayati Abdullah Syamsul Bahari Abdullah Sumaiya Zainal Abidin |
| author_facet | Nurul Asmawati Roslan Mohammad Haniff Che Hasnan Norhayati Abdullah Syamsul Bahari Abdullah Sumaiya Zainal Abidin |
| author_sort | Nurul Asmawati Roslan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The exploration of non-edible oils as a feedstock has been positively affect the economic viability of biodiesel production. Due to the high level of free fatty acid (FFA) in non-edible oils, esterification is needed to remove the acidity to the minimum level before base-catalyzed transesterification. In this study, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (HMIMHSO4) was self-synthesized and compared with the commercialized ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (BMIMHSO4). HMIMHSO4 and BMIMHSO4 were characterized by 1H NMR prior to use in the esterification reaction. The reaction was carried out in a batch reactor and variables such as types of alcohol, oil: alcohol molar ratio, temperature and types of stirring were investigated. The highest conversion for each catalyst was achieved using ethanol as a solvent at the condition of 343 K reaction temperature, 12:1 alcohol to oil ratio in 8 h reaction time. BMIMHSO4 showed higher conversion (98%) as compared to HMIMHSO4 with only 82% conversion. Clearly, BMIMHSO4 shows considerable potential to reduce the FFA in the feedstock as it is exhibit excellent catalytic activity due to lower alkyl chain of BMIMHSO4 compared to HMIMHSO4. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T22:49:42Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-634711bb4c954f44aac50bceb95f4738 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1978-2993 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T22:49:42Z |
| publishDate | 2016-08-01 |
| publisher | Masyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS) |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis |
| spelling | doaj.art-634711bb4c954f44aac50bceb95f47382023-09-22T03:50:23ZengMasyarakat Katalis Indonesia - Indonesian Catalyst Society (MKICS)Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis1978-29932016-08-0111218219010.9767/bcrec.11.2.549.182-190425A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as CatalystsNurul Asmawati Roslan0Mohammad Haniff Che Hasnan1Norhayati Abdullah2Syamsul Bahari Abdullah3Sumaiya Zainal Abidin4Faculty of Chemical Engineering & Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, MalaysiaFaculty of Chemical Engineering & Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, MalaysiaFaculty of Chemical Engineering & Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, MalaysiaFaculty of Chemical Engineering & Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, MalaysiaFaculty of Chemical Engineering & Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Pahang, 26300 Gambang, Pahang, MalaysiaThe exploration of non-edible oils as a feedstock has been positively affect the economic viability of biodiesel production. Due to the high level of free fatty acid (FFA) in non-edible oils, esterification is needed to remove the acidity to the minimum level before base-catalyzed transesterification. In this study, 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (HMIMHSO4) was self-synthesized and compared with the commercialized ionic liquid, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydrogen sulphate (BMIMHSO4). HMIMHSO4 and BMIMHSO4 were characterized by 1H NMR prior to use in the esterification reaction. The reaction was carried out in a batch reactor and variables such as types of alcohol, oil: alcohol molar ratio, temperature and types of stirring were investigated. The highest conversion for each catalyst was achieved using ethanol as a solvent at the condition of 343 K reaction temperature, 12:1 alcohol to oil ratio in 8 h reaction time. BMIMHSO4 showed higher conversion (98%) as compared to HMIMHSO4 with only 82% conversion. Clearly, BMIMHSO4 shows considerable potential to reduce the FFA in the feedstock as it is exhibit excellent catalytic activity due to lower alkyl chain of BMIMHSO4 compared to HMIMHSO4.https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/view/549biodieselfree fatty acidsacidified oilesterificationionic liquid |
| spellingShingle | Nurul Asmawati Roslan Mohammad Haniff Che Hasnan Norhayati Abdullah Syamsul Bahari Abdullah Sumaiya Zainal Abidin A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts Bulletin of Chemical Reaction Engineering & Catalysis biodiesel free fatty acids acidified oil esterification ionic liquid |
| title | A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts |
| title_full | A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts |
| title_fullStr | A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts |
| title_short | A Preliminary Study: Esterification of Free Fatty Acids (FFA) in Artificially Modified Feedstock Using Ionic Liquids as Catalysts |
| title_sort | preliminary study esterification of free fatty acids ffa in artificially modified feedstock using ionic liquids as catalysts |
| topic | biodiesel free fatty acids acidified oil esterification ionic liquid |
| url | https://journal.bcrec.id/index.php/bcrec/article/view/549 |
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