Individual Wave Propagations in Ionosphere and Troposphere Triggered by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Underwater Volcano Eruption on 15 January 2022
The devastating Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai underwater volcano erupted at ~04:15 UT on 15 January 2022. We captured the waves that erupted from the volcano propagating in the ionosphere by monitoring total electron content (TEC) perturbations utilizing ground-based global navigation satellite system (...
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MDPI AG
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Remote Sensing |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/2179 |
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| author | Chieh-Hung Chen Xuemin Zhang Yang-Yi Sun Fei Wang Tien-Chi Liu Chi-Yen Lin Yongxin Gao Jun Lyu Xiaobing Jin Xiaoli Zhao Xiang Cheng Pengyu Zhang Qiyu Chen Dixin Zhang Zhiqiang Mao Jann-Yenq Liu |
| author_facet | Chieh-Hung Chen Xuemin Zhang Yang-Yi Sun Fei Wang Tien-Chi Liu Chi-Yen Lin Yongxin Gao Jun Lyu Xiaobing Jin Xiaoli Zhao Xiang Cheng Pengyu Zhang Qiyu Chen Dixin Zhang Zhiqiang Mao Jann-Yenq Liu |
| author_sort | Chieh-Hung Chen |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The devastating Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai underwater volcano erupted at ~04:15 UT on 15 January 2022. We captured the waves that erupted from the volcano propagating in the ionosphere by monitoring total electron content (TEC) perturbations utilizing ground-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers that receive electromagnetic signals transmitted from the geostationary satellites operated by the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS). Meanwhile, ground barometers detected unusual enhancements of air pressure traveling in the troposphere. A novel phenomenon shows that the waves can individually propagate with a speed of ~335 m/s in the ionosphere, which is faster than its’ ~305 m/s in the troposphere. We further examined multiple geophysical data at the particular site of the novel instrumental array. Analytical results show that the pressure enhancements traveling in the troposphere not only downward trigger ground vibrations mainly in the horizontal components without obvious time difference, but also upward, leading the secondary TEC perturbations with a ~12-min delay. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:43:55Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6b070aa1397e4c6daf54bd359c39f8cc |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-4292 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T03:43:55Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Remote Sensing |
| spelling | doaj.art-6b070aa1397e4c6daf54bd359c39f8cc2023-11-23T09:11:49ZengMDPI AGRemote Sensing2072-42922022-05-01149217910.3390/rs14092179Individual Wave Propagations in Ionosphere and Troposphere Triggered by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Underwater Volcano Eruption on 15 January 2022Chieh-Hung Chen0Xuemin Zhang1Yang-Yi Sun2Fei Wang3Tien-Chi Liu4Chi-Yen Lin5Yongxin Gao6Jun Lyu7Xiaobing Jin8Xiaoli Zhao9Xiang Cheng10Pengyu Zhang11Qiyu Chen12Dixin Zhang13Zhiqiang Mao14Jann-Yenq Liu15Institute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, ChinaInstitute of Earthquake Forecasting, China Earthquake Administration, Beijing 100036, ChinaInstitute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, ChinaDepartment of Geological Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu 610059, ChinaCenter for Astronautical Physics and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320217, TaiwanCenter for Astronautical Physics and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320217, TaiwanApplied Institute of Mechanics, School of Civil Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, ChinaInstitute of Acoustic, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, ChinaSichuan Meteorological Disaster Prevention Technology Center, Chengdu 610072, ChinaSichuan Meteorological Disaster Prevention Technology Center, Chengdu 610072, ChinaSichuan Meteorological Disaster Prevention Technology Center, Chengdu 610072, ChinaInstitute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, ChinaInstitute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, ChinaInstitute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, ChinaInstitute of Geophysics and Geomatics, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, ChinaCenter for Astronautical Physics and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 320217, TaiwanThe devastating Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai underwater volcano erupted at ~04:15 UT on 15 January 2022. We captured the waves that erupted from the volcano propagating in the ionosphere by monitoring total electron content (TEC) perturbations utilizing ground-based global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers that receive electromagnetic signals transmitted from the geostationary satellites operated by the BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS). Meanwhile, ground barometers detected unusual enhancements of air pressure traveling in the troposphere. A novel phenomenon shows that the waves can individually propagate with a speed of ~335 m/s in the ionosphere, which is faster than its’ ~305 m/s in the troposphere. We further examined multiple geophysical data at the particular site of the novel instrumental array. Analytical results show that the pressure enhancements traveling in the troposphere not only downward trigger ground vibrations mainly in the horizontal components without obvious time difference, but also upward, leading the secondary TEC perturbations with a ~12-min delay.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/2179Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai underwater volcanoMVP-LAI systemBeiDou geostationary satelliteblast wave |
| spellingShingle | Chieh-Hung Chen Xuemin Zhang Yang-Yi Sun Fei Wang Tien-Chi Liu Chi-Yen Lin Yongxin Gao Jun Lyu Xiaobing Jin Xiaoli Zhao Xiang Cheng Pengyu Zhang Qiyu Chen Dixin Zhang Zhiqiang Mao Jann-Yenq Liu Individual Wave Propagations in Ionosphere and Troposphere Triggered by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Underwater Volcano Eruption on 15 January 2022 Remote Sensing Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai underwater volcano MVP-LAI system BeiDou geostationary satellite blast wave |
| title | Individual Wave Propagations in Ionosphere and Troposphere Triggered by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Underwater Volcano Eruption on 15 January 2022 |
| title_full | Individual Wave Propagations in Ionosphere and Troposphere Triggered by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Underwater Volcano Eruption on 15 January 2022 |
| title_fullStr | Individual Wave Propagations in Ionosphere and Troposphere Triggered by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Underwater Volcano Eruption on 15 January 2022 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Individual Wave Propagations in Ionosphere and Troposphere Triggered by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Underwater Volcano Eruption on 15 January 2022 |
| title_short | Individual Wave Propagations in Ionosphere and Troposphere Triggered by the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai Underwater Volcano Eruption on 15 January 2022 |
| title_sort | individual wave propagations in ionosphere and troposphere triggered by the hunga tonga hunga ha apai underwater volcano eruption on 15 january 2022 |
| topic | Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai underwater volcano MVP-LAI system BeiDou geostationary satellite blast wave |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/9/2179 |
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