A Review on Cadmium and Lead Contamination: Sources, Fate, Mechanism, Health Effects and Remediation Methods
Cadmium and lead soil contamination is a widespread environmental problem that requires profound and sustainable solutions. These toxic elements can be naturally occurring on the Earth’s crust or from man-made origins. Cadmium and lead could accumulate and translocate in soil over the long term. Thu...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-10-01
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| Series: | Water |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/21/3432 |
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| author | Leila Bouida Mohd Rafatullah Abdelfateh Kerrouche Mohammad Qutob Abeer M. Alosaimi Hajer S. Alorfi Mahmoud A. Hussein |
| author_facet | Leila Bouida Mohd Rafatullah Abdelfateh Kerrouche Mohammad Qutob Abeer M. Alosaimi Hajer S. Alorfi Mahmoud A. Hussein |
| author_sort | Leila Bouida |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cadmium and lead soil contamination is a widespread environmental problem that requires profound and sustainable solutions. These toxic elements can be naturally occurring on the Earth’s crust or from man-made origins. Cadmium and lead could accumulate and translocate in soil over the long term. Thus, their risk of entering the food chain is extremely elevated and their effects on the living organisms in the food web are of great concern. The main purpose of this review study is to emphasize the risk to human health of cadmium and lead as an environmental contaminant in soil and plants. Human exposure to cadmium and lead can cause severe illness; for instance, long-term exposure to cadmium can alter kidney health and cause dysfunction. Additionally, lead threatens the nervous system and causes countless diseases. Hence, the remediation of cadmium and lead from soil before they enter the food chain remains essential, and regular monitoring of their principal sources is crucially needed for a sustainable soil ecosystem. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:33:14Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-6c4d4dafd62449779ebf50fbe6e22d14 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4441 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:33:14Z |
| publishDate | 2022-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Water |
| spelling | doaj.art-6c4d4dafd62449779ebf50fbe6e22d142023-11-24T07:19:27ZengMDPI AGWater2073-44412022-10-011421343210.3390/w14213432A Review on Cadmium and Lead Contamination: Sources, Fate, Mechanism, Health Effects and Remediation MethodsLeila Bouida0Mohd Rafatullah1Abdelfateh Kerrouche2Mohammad Qutob3Abeer M. Alosaimi4Hajer S. Alorfi5Mahmoud A. Hussein6Environmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, MalaysiaEnvironmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, MalaysiaSchool of Engineering and the Built Environment, Edinburgh Napier University, 10 Colinton Road, Edinburgh EH10 5DT, UKEnvironmental Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, MalaysiaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi ArabiaChemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaChemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi ArabiaCadmium and lead soil contamination is a widespread environmental problem that requires profound and sustainable solutions. These toxic elements can be naturally occurring on the Earth’s crust or from man-made origins. Cadmium and lead could accumulate and translocate in soil over the long term. Thus, their risk of entering the food chain is extremely elevated and their effects on the living organisms in the food web are of great concern. The main purpose of this review study is to emphasize the risk to human health of cadmium and lead as an environmental contaminant in soil and plants. Human exposure to cadmium and lead can cause severe illness; for instance, long-term exposure to cadmium can alter kidney health and cause dysfunction. Additionally, lead threatens the nervous system and causes countless diseases. Hence, the remediation of cadmium and lead from soil before they enter the food chain remains essential, and regular monitoring of their principal sources is crucially needed for a sustainable soil ecosystem.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/21/3432cadmium and lead contaminationanthropogenic sourcesoil and plantpublic healthdiseases |
| spellingShingle | Leila Bouida Mohd Rafatullah Abdelfateh Kerrouche Mohammad Qutob Abeer M. Alosaimi Hajer S. Alorfi Mahmoud A. Hussein A Review on Cadmium and Lead Contamination: Sources, Fate, Mechanism, Health Effects and Remediation Methods Water cadmium and lead contamination anthropogenic source soil and plant public health diseases |
| title | A Review on Cadmium and Lead Contamination: Sources, Fate, Mechanism, Health Effects and Remediation Methods |
| title_full | A Review on Cadmium and Lead Contamination: Sources, Fate, Mechanism, Health Effects and Remediation Methods |
| title_fullStr | A Review on Cadmium and Lead Contamination: Sources, Fate, Mechanism, Health Effects and Remediation Methods |
| title_full_unstemmed | A Review on Cadmium and Lead Contamination: Sources, Fate, Mechanism, Health Effects and Remediation Methods |
| title_short | A Review on Cadmium and Lead Contamination: Sources, Fate, Mechanism, Health Effects and Remediation Methods |
| title_sort | review on cadmium and lead contamination sources fate mechanism health effects and remediation methods |
| topic | cadmium and lead contamination anthropogenic source soil and plant public health diseases |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/14/21/3432 |
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