Effects of Aged Garlic Extract on Cholinergic, Glutamatergic and GABAergic Systems with Regard to Cognitive Impairment in Aβ-Induced Rats
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been linked to the degeneration of central cholinergic and glutamatergic transmission, which correlates with progressive memory loss and the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ). It has been claimed that aged garlic extract (AGE) has a beneficial effect in preventing neurodege...
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MDPI AG
2017-07-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/7/686 |
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| author | Piyaporn Thorajak Wanassanun Pannangrong Jariya Umka Welbat Wunnee Chaijaroonkhanarak Kittisak Sripanidkulchai Bungorn Sripanidkulchai |
| author_facet | Piyaporn Thorajak Wanassanun Pannangrong Jariya Umka Welbat Wunnee Chaijaroonkhanarak Kittisak Sripanidkulchai Bungorn Sripanidkulchai |
| author_sort | Piyaporn Thorajak |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been linked to the degeneration of central cholinergic and glutamatergic transmission, which correlates with progressive memory loss and the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ). It has been claimed that aged garlic extract (AGE) has a beneficial effect in preventing neurodegeneration in AD. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of AGE on Aβ-induced cognitive dysfunction with a biochemical basis in the cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic systems in rats. Adult male Wistar rats were orally administered three doses of AGE (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) daily for 65 days. At day 56, they were injected with 1 μL of aggregated Aβ (1–42) into each lateral ventricle, bilaterally. After six days of Aβ injection, the rats’ working and reference memory was tested using a radial arm maze. The rats were then euthanized to investigate any changes to the cholinergic neurons, vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and 2 proteins (VGLUT1 and VGLUT2), and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) in the hippocampus. The results showed that AGE significantly improved the working memory and tended to improve the reference memory in cognitively-impaired rats. In addition, AGE significantly ameliorated the loss of cholinergic neurons and increased the VGLUT1 and GAD levels in the hippocampus of rat brains with Aβ-induced toxicity. In contrast, the VGLUT2 protein levels did not change in any of the treated groups. We concluded that AGE was able to attenuate the impairment of working memory via the modification of cholinergic neurons, VGLUT1, and GAD in the hippocampus of Aβ-induced rats. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-12T21:34:35Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T21:34:35Z |
| publishDate | 2017-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-6d449d3eac1f4a31a0b24a2fcc82c1dd2022-12-22T03:15:57ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432017-07-019768610.3390/nu9070686nu9070686Effects of Aged Garlic Extract on Cholinergic, Glutamatergic and GABAergic Systems with Regard to Cognitive Impairment in Aβ-Induced RatsPiyaporn Thorajak0Wanassanun Pannangrong1Jariya Umka Welbat2Wunnee Chaijaroonkhanarak3Kittisak Sripanidkulchai4Bungorn Sripanidkulchai5Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, ThailandDepartment of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, ThailandDepartment of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, ThailandDepartment of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, ThailandDepartment of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, ThailandCenter for Research and Development of Herbal Health Products, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, ThailandAlzheimer’s disease (AD) has been linked to the degeneration of central cholinergic and glutamatergic transmission, which correlates with progressive memory loss and the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ). It has been claimed that aged garlic extract (AGE) has a beneficial effect in preventing neurodegeneration in AD. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the effects of AGE on Aβ-induced cognitive dysfunction with a biochemical basis in the cholinergic, glutamatergic, and GABAergic systems in rats. Adult male Wistar rats were orally administered three doses of AGE (125, 250, and 500 mg/kg) daily for 65 days. At day 56, they were injected with 1 μL of aggregated Aβ (1–42) into each lateral ventricle, bilaterally. After six days of Aβ injection, the rats’ working and reference memory was tested using a radial arm maze. The rats were then euthanized to investigate any changes to the cholinergic neurons, vesicular glutamate transporter 1 and 2 proteins (VGLUT1 and VGLUT2), and glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) in the hippocampus. The results showed that AGE significantly improved the working memory and tended to improve the reference memory in cognitively-impaired rats. In addition, AGE significantly ameliorated the loss of cholinergic neurons and increased the VGLUT1 and GAD levels in the hippocampus of rat brains with Aβ-induced toxicity. In contrast, the VGLUT2 protein levels did not change in any of the treated groups. We concluded that AGE was able to attenuate the impairment of working memory via the modification of cholinergic neurons, VGLUT1, and GAD in the hippocampus of Aβ-induced rats.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/7/686aged garlic extractAlzheimer’s diseaseamyloid-βcholinergic neuronsglutamate decarboxylaseradial arm mazevesicular glutamate transporters |
| spellingShingle | Piyaporn Thorajak Wanassanun Pannangrong Jariya Umka Welbat Wunnee Chaijaroonkhanarak Kittisak Sripanidkulchai Bungorn Sripanidkulchai Effects of Aged Garlic Extract on Cholinergic, Glutamatergic and GABAergic Systems with Regard to Cognitive Impairment in Aβ-Induced Rats Nutrients aged garlic extract Alzheimer’s disease amyloid-β cholinergic neurons glutamate decarboxylase radial arm maze vesicular glutamate transporters |
| title | Effects of Aged Garlic Extract on Cholinergic, Glutamatergic and GABAergic Systems with Regard to Cognitive Impairment in Aβ-Induced Rats |
| title_full | Effects of Aged Garlic Extract on Cholinergic, Glutamatergic and GABAergic Systems with Regard to Cognitive Impairment in Aβ-Induced Rats |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Aged Garlic Extract on Cholinergic, Glutamatergic and GABAergic Systems with Regard to Cognitive Impairment in Aβ-Induced Rats |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Aged Garlic Extract on Cholinergic, Glutamatergic and GABAergic Systems with Regard to Cognitive Impairment in Aβ-Induced Rats |
| title_short | Effects of Aged Garlic Extract on Cholinergic, Glutamatergic and GABAergic Systems with Regard to Cognitive Impairment in Aβ-Induced Rats |
| title_sort | effects of aged garlic extract on cholinergic glutamatergic and gabaergic systems with regard to cognitive impairment in aβ induced rats |
| topic | aged garlic extract Alzheimer’s disease amyloid-β cholinergic neurons glutamate decarboxylase radial arm maze vesicular glutamate transporters |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/7/686 |
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