Dynamics of Semiconductor Laser Subject to Optical Feedback with Linewidth Enhancement Factor and Spontaneous Emission Factor
In this article, the dependence of the operation states, dynamics, and noise of laser diodes (LD) with external optical feedback (OFB) on the linewidth enhancement factor (LEF) and spontaneous emission factor (SEF) have been investigated. We systematically studied the classification of the laser dyn...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Applied Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/24/13099 |
| _version_ | 1797382175776047104 |
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| author | Salah Abdulrhmann Jabir Hakami |
| author_facet | Salah Abdulrhmann Jabir Hakami |
| author_sort | Salah Abdulrhmann |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | In this article, the dependence of the operation states, dynamics, and noise of laser diodes (LD) with external optical feedback (OFB) on the linewidth enhancement factor (LEF) and spontaneous emission factor (SEF) have been investigated. We systematically studied the classification of the laser dynamics based on the bifurcation diagrams (BDs) of the photon numbers and the relative intensity noise (RIN) spectra at different levels of OFB, LEF, and SEF. The simulation results show that variations in the LEF and SEF lead to significant changes in the laser operation states and dynamics, which vary from continuous wave (CW), pulsation, and chaos states. The Hopf bifurcation (HB) point moves toward increasing/decreasing OFB intensity by increasing/decreasing the SEF/LEF. The laser state becomes more stable through a wide range of OFB by increasing/decreasing the SEF/LEF. The RIN reduces the solitary laser noise level at higher/lower values of SEF/LEF when the laser is operated under OFB. The relaxation frequency of the laser shifts toward higher values by increasing/decreasing the SEF/LEF through most laser states, and the RIN peak is higher than solitary laser noise by four orders of magnitude, especially in the pulsation regions. In the low-frequency region, the RIN is enhanced from one to two orders by reducing the LEF and SEF through laser states. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T21:01:37Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7048bc707146435b930f25a340a45859 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2076-3417 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T21:01:37Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Applied Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-7048bc707146435b930f25a340a458592023-12-22T13:51:23ZengMDPI AGApplied Sciences2076-34172023-12-0113241309910.3390/app132413099Dynamics of Semiconductor Laser Subject to Optical Feedback with Linewidth Enhancement Factor and Spontaneous Emission FactorSalah Abdulrhmann0Jabir Hakami1Department of Physics, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Physics, College of Science, Jazan University, P.O. Box 114, Jazan 45142, Saudi ArabiaIn this article, the dependence of the operation states, dynamics, and noise of laser diodes (LD) with external optical feedback (OFB) on the linewidth enhancement factor (LEF) and spontaneous emission factor (SEF) have been investigated. We systematically studied the classification of the laser dynamics based on the bifurcation diagrams (BDs) of the photon numbers and the relative intensity noise (RIN) spectra at different levels of OFB, LEF, and SEF. The simulation results show that variations in the LEF and SEF lead to significant changes in the laser operation states and dynamics, which vary from continuous wave (CW), pulsation, and chaos states. The Hopf bifurcation (HB) point moves toward increasing/decreasing OFB intensity by increasing/decreasing the SEF/LEF. The laser state becomes more stable through a wide range of OFB by increasing/decreasing the SEF/LEF. The RIN reduces the solitary laser noise level at higher/lower values of SEF/LEF when the laser is operated under OFB. The relaxation frequency of the laser shifts toward higher values by increasing/decreasing the SEF/LEF through most laser states, and the RIN peak is higher than solitary laser noise by four orders of magnitude, especially in the pulsation regions. In the low-frequency region, the RIN is enhanced from one to two orders by reducing the LEF and SEF through laser states.https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/24/13099laser diodesoptical feedbacklinewidth enhancement factorspontaneous emission factorCWpulsation |
| spellingShingle | Salah Abdulrhmann Jabir Hakami Dynamics of Semiconductor Laser Subject to Optical Feedback with Linewidth Enhancement Factor and Spontaneous Emission Factor Applied Sciences laser diodes optical feedback linewidth enhancement factor spontaneous emission factor CW pulsation |
| title | Dynamics of Semiconductor Laser Subject to Optical Feedback with Linewidth Enhancement Factor and Spontaneous Emission Factor |
| title_full | Dynamics of Semiconductor Laser Subject to Optical Feedback with Linewidth Enhancement Factor and Spontaneous Emission Factor |
| title_fullStr | Dynamics of Semiconductor Laser Subject to Optical Feedback with Linewidth Enhancement Factor and Spontaneous Emission Factor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dynamics of Semiconductor Laser Subject to Optical Feedback with Linewidth Enhancement Factor and Spontaneous Emission Factor |
| title_short | Dynamics of Semiconductor Laser Subject to Optical Feedback with Linewidth Enhancement Factor and Spontaneous Emission Factor |
| title_sort | dynamics of semiconductor laser subject to optical feedback with linewidth enhancement factor and spontaneous emission factor |
| topic | laser diodes optical feedback linewidth enhancement factor spontaneous emission factor CW pulsation |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/13/24/13099 |
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