Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, and Magnesium Concentrations in the Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Fetal Membrane from Women with Multiple Pregnancies
Calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and magnesium (Mg) are the elements responsible for the fundamental metabolic and biochemical processes in the cells of the body. The demand for these elements increases significantly during pregnancy, where an adequate supply protects women from the hyperte...
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Life |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/1/153 |
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| author | Konrad Grzeszczak Patrycja Kapczuk Patrycja Kupnicka Elżbieta Cecerska-Heryć Sebastian Kwiatkowski Dariusz Chlubek Danuta Kosik-Bogacka |
| author_facet | Konrad Grzeszczak Patrycja Kapczuk Patrycja Kupnicka Elżbieta Cecerska-Heryć Sebastian Kwiatkowski Dariusz Chlubek Danuta Kosik-Bogacka |
| author_sort | Konrad Grzeszczak |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Calcium (Ca), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and magnesium (Mg) are the elements responsible for the fundamental metabolic and biochemical processes in the cells of the body. The demand for these elements increases significantly during pregnancy, where an adequate supply protects women from the hypertension common in pre-eclampsia and preterm labor. This study aimed to evaluate the association between macro-elements (Ca, Mg, Na, and K) in the placenta, fetal membrane, and umbilical cord and the morphometric parameters of newborns from multiple pregnancies. The study involved 57 pregnant European women with healthy uncomplicated twin pregnancies (<i>n</i> = 52) and triple pregnancies (<i>n</i> = 5); 40 pairs of dichorionic diamniotic twins, 11 pairs of monochorionic diamniotic twins, 1 pair of monochorionic monoamniotic twins, 3 trichorionic triamniotic triplets, and 2 dichorionic triamniotic triplets. Placentas (<i>n</i> = 107), umbilical cords (<i>n</i> = 114), and fetal membranes (<i>n</i> = 112) were collected immediately following delivery, and then weighed and measured. The levels of Ca, K, Na, and Mg were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) in a Thermo Scientific ICAP 7400 Duo (Waltham, MA, USA). The respective mean concentrations of Ca, K, Na, and Mg (mg/kg<sup>−1</sup> dry mass) were: 2466, 8873, 9323, and 436 in the placenta; 957, 6173, 26,757, and 326 in the umbilical cord, and 1252, 7460, 13,562, and 370 in the fetal membrane. In the studied materials from northwestern Poland, we found strong positive correlations between Ca and Mg concentrations in both the umbilical cord (r = 0.81, <i>p</i> = 0.00) and the fetal membrane (r = 0.73, <i>p</i> = 0.00); between K and Mg concentrations in the umbilical cord (r = 0.73, <i>p</i> = 0.00); between Ca and K concentrations in the fetal membrane (r = 0.73, <i>p</i> = 0.00), and we found moderately positive correlations between placental Ca concentration and placental weight (ρ = 0.42, <i>p</i> = 0.00) and between umbilical cord Mg concentrations and the length of the pregnancy (ρ = 0.42, <i>p</i> = 0.00). Negative correlations were found between Na and Ca concentrations in the fetal membrane (r = −0.40, <i>p</i> = 0.00) and Na concentrations in the fetal membrane and Mg concentrations in the placenta (r = −0.16, <i>p</i> = 0.02). Negative correlations were confirmed between the length of pregnancy and head circumference (ρ = −0.42; p = 0.00), infant weight (ρ = −0.42; <i>p</i> = 0.00), infant length (ρ = −0.49; <i>p</i> = 0.00), shoulder width (ρ = −0.49; <i>p</i> = 0.00); and between the infant weight and head circumference (ρ = −0.62; <i>p</i> = 0.00), weight before delivery (ρ = −0.36; <i>p</i> = 0.00), infant length (ρ = −0.45; <i>p</i> = 0.00), shoulder width (ρ = −0.63; <i>p</i> = 0.00), and weight gain during pregnancy (ρ = −0.31; <i>p</i> = 0.01). We found statistically significant correlations between cigarette smoking before pregnancy and the women’s weight before delivery (ρ = 0.32, <i>p</i> = 0.00), and a negative correlation between the women’s ages and infant head circumference (ρ = −0.20, <i>p</i> = 0.02). This is probably the first study to evaluate Ca, Na, K, and Mg concentrations in the afterbirth tissues of multiple pregnancies. It adds to the knowledge of elemental concentrations in multiple pregnancies and their possible effects on fetal morphometric parameters. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:56:37Z |
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| id | doaj.art-74c445205f3f4def83583c43608e3029 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2075-1729 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:56:37Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
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| series | Life |
| spelling | doaj.art-74c445205f3f4def83583c43608e30292023-11-30T23:08:45ZengMDPI AGLife2075-17292023-01-0113115310.3390/life13010153Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, and Magnesium Concentrations in the Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Fetal Membrane from Women with Multiple PregnanciesKonrad Grzeszczak0Patrycja Kapczuk1Patrycja Kupnicka2Elżbieta Cecerska-Heryć3Sebastian Kwiatkowski4Dariusz Chlubek5Danuta Kosik-Bogacka6Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, PolandDepartment of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, PolandDepartment of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, PolandDepartment of Laboratory Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, PolandDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, PolandDepartment of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, PolandIndependent Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Botany, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, PolandCalcium (Ca), potassium (K), sodium (Na), and magnesium (Mg) are the elements responsible for the fundamental metabolic and biochemical processes in the cells of the body. The demand for these elements increases significantly during pregnancy, where an adequate supply protects women from the hypertension common in pre-eclampsia and preterm labor. This study aimed to evaluate the association between macro-elements (Ca, Mg, Na, and K) in the placenta, fetal membrane, and umbilical cord and the morphometric parameters of newborns from multiple pregnancies. The study involved 57 pregnant European women with healthy uncomplicated twin pregnancies (<i>n</i> = 52) and triple pregnancies (<i>n</i> = 5); 40 pairs of dichorionic diamniotic twins, 11 pairs of monochorionic diamniotic twins, 1 pair of monochorionic monoamniotic twins, 3 trichorionic triamniotic triplets, and 2 dichorionic triamniotic triplets. Placentas (<i>n</i> = 107), umbilical cords (<i>n</i> = 114), and fetal membranes (<i>n</i> = 112) were collected immediately following delivery, and then weighed and measured. The levels of Ca, K, Na, and Mg were determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) in a Thermo Scientific ICAP 7400 Duo (Waltham, MA, USA). The respective mean concentrations of Ca, K, Na, and Mg (mg/kg<sup>−1</sup> dry mass) were: 2466, 8873, 9323, and 436 in the placenta; 957, 6173, 26,757, and 326 in the umbilical cord, and 1252, 7460, 13,562, and 370 in the fetal membrane. In the studied materials from northwestern Poland, we found strong positive correlations between Ca and Mg concentrations in both the umbilical cord (r = 0.81, <i>p</i> = 0.00) and the fetal membrane (r = 0.73, <i>p</i> = 0.00); between K and Mg concentrations in the umbilical cord (r = 0.73, <i>p</i> = 0.00); between Ca and K concentrations in the fetal membrane (r = 0.73, <i>p</i> = 0.00), and we found moderately positive correlations between placental Ca concentration and placental weight (ρ = 0.42, <i>p</i> = 0.00) and between umbilical cord Mg concentrations and the length of the pregnancy (ρ = 0.42, <i>p</i> = 0.00). Negative correlations were found between Na and Ca concentrations in the fetal membrane (r = −0.40, <i>p</i> = 0.00) and Na concentrations in the fetal membrane and Mg concentrations in the placenta (r = −0.16, <i>p</i> = 0.02). Negative correlations were confirmed between the length of pregnancy and head circumference (ρ = −0.42; p = 0.00), infant weight (ρ = −0.42; <i>p</i> = 0.00), infant length (ρ = −0.49; <i>p</i> = 0.00), shoulder width (ρ = −0.49; <i>p</i> = 0.00); and between the infant weight and head circumference (ρ = −0.62; <i>p</i> = 0.00), weight before delivery (ρ = −0.36; <i>p</i> = 0.00), infant length (ρ = −0.45; <i>p</i> = 0.00), shoulder width (ρ = −0.63; <i>p</i> = 0.00), and weight gain during pregnancy (ρ = −0.31; <i>p</i> = 0.01). We found statistically significant correlations between cigarette smoking before pregnancy and the women’s weight before delivery (ρ = 0.32, <i>p</i> = 0.00), and a negative correlation between the women’s ages and infant head circumference (ρ = −0.20, <i>p</i> = 0.02). This is probably the first study to evaluate Ca, Na, K, and Mg concentrations in the afterbirth tissues of multiple pregnancies. It adds to the knowledge of elemental concentrations in multiple pregnancies and their possible effects on fetal morphometric parameters.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/1/153calciumpotassiumsodiummagnesiumpregnancy complicationspreeclampsia |
| spellingShingle | Konrad Grzeszczak Patrycja Kapczuk Patrycja Kupnicka Elżbieta Cecerska-Heryć Sebastian Kwiatkowski Dariusz Chlubek Danuta Kosik-Bogacka Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, and Magnesium Concentrations in the Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Fetal Membrane from Women with Multiple Pregnancies Life calcium potassium sodium magnesium pregnancy complications preeclampsia |
| title | Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, and Magnesium Concentrations in the Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Fetal Membrane from Women with Multiple Pregnancies |
| title_full | Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, and Magnesium Concentrations in the Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Fetal Membrane from Women with Multiple Pregnancies |
| title_fullStr | Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, and Magnesium Concentrations in the Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Fetal Membrane from Women with Multiple Pregnancies |
| title_full_unstemmed | Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, and Magnesium Concentrations in the Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Fetal Membrane from Women with Multiple Pregnancies |
| title_short | Calcium, Potassium, Sodium, and Magnesium Concentrations in the Placenta, Umbilical Cord, and Fetal Membrane from Women with Multiple Pregnancies |
| title_sort | calcium potassium sodium and magnesium concentrations in the placenta umbilical cord and fetal membrane from women with multiple pregnancies |
| topic | calcium potassium sodium magnesium pregnancy complications preeclampsia |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/13/1/153 |
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