How Toll-like receptors influence Parkinson’s disease in the microbiome–gut–brain axis
Recently, a large number of experimenters have found that the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease may be related to the gut microbiome and proposed the microbiome–gut–brain axis. Studies have shown that Toll-like receptors, especially Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), are...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1154626/full |
| _version_ | 1797834745463177216 |
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| author | Ziyi Zhang Ziyi Zhang Zhihui Liu Ao Lv Chenhui Fan |
| author_facet | Ziyi Zhang Ziyi Zhang Zhihui Liu Ao Lv Chenhui Fan |
| author_sort | Ziyi Zhang |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Recently, a large number of experimenters have found that the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease may be related to the gut microbiome and proposed the microbiome–gut–brain axis. Studies have shown that Toll-like receptors, especially Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), are key mediators of gut homeostasis. In addition to their established role in innate immunity throughout the body, research is increasingly showing that the Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathways shape the development and function of the gut and enteric nervous system. Notably, Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 are dysregulated in Parkinson’s disease patients and may therefore be identified as the core of early gut dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. To better understand the contribution of Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 dysfunction in the gut to early α-synuclein aggregation, we discussed the structural function of Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 and signal transduction of Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 in Parkinson’s disease by reviewing clinical, animal models, and in vitro studies. We also present a conceptual model of the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, in which microbial dysbiosis alters the gut barrier as well as the Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathways, ultimately leading to a positive feedback loop for chronic gut dysfunction, promoting α-synuclein aggregation in the gut and vagus nerve. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-09T14:42:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-77f90acd9cf442828b3b97c0a1606729 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-09T14:42:22Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-77f90acd9cf442828b3b97c0a16067292023-05-03T05:21:03ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242023-05-011410.3389/fimmu.2023.11546261154626How Toll-like receptors influence Parkinson’s disease in the microbiome–gut–brain axisZiyi Zhang0Ziyi Zhang1Zhihui Liu2Ao Lv3Chenhui Fan4Department of Anesthesiology, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, ChinaBaotou Clinical Medical College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Baotou, ChinaDepartment of Anesthesiology, Baotou Central Hospital, Baotou, ChinaThe First Clinical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, ChinaSafety Engineering, People’s Public Security University of China, Beijing, ChinaRecently, a large number of experimenters have found that the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease may be related to the gut microbiome and proposed the microbiome–gut–brain axis. Studies have shown that Toll-like receptors, especially Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), are key mediators of gut homeostasis. In addition to their established role in innate immunity throughout the body, research is increasingly showing that the Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathways shape the development and function of the gut and enteric nervous system. Notably, Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 are dysregulated in Parkinson’s disease patients and may therefore be identified as the core of early gut dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease. To better understand the contribution of Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 dysfunction in the gut to early α-synuclein aggregation, we discussed the structural function of Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 and signal transduction of Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 in Parkinson’s disease by reviewing clinical, animal models, and in vitro studies. We also present a conceptual model of the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease, in which microbial dysbiosis alters the gut barrier as well as the Toll-like receptor 2 and Toll-like receptor 4 signaling pathways, ultimately leading to a positive feedback loop for chronic gut dysfunction, promoting α-synuclein aggregation in the gut and vagus nerve.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1154626/fullmicrobiome-gut-brain axisParkinson’s diseaseToll-like receptorsimmunityα-synucleinTLR2 |
| spellingShingle | Ziyi Zhang Ziyi Zhang Zhihui Liu Ao Lv Chenhui Fan How Toll-like receptors influence Parkinson’s disease in the microbiome–gut–brain axis Frontiers in Immunology microbiome-gut-brain axis Parkinson’s disease Toll-like receptors immunity α-synuclein TLR2 |
| title | How Toll-like receptors influence Parkinson’s disease in the microbiome–gut–brain axis |
| title_full | How Toll-like receptors influence Parkinson’s disease in the microbiome–gut–brain axis |
| title_fullStr | How Toll-like receptors influence Parkinson’s disease in the microbiome–gut–brain axis |
| title_full_unstemmed | How Toll-like receptors influence Parkinson’s disease in the microbiome–gut–brain axis |
| title_short | How Toll-like receptors influence Parkinson’s disease in the microbiome–gut–brain axis |
| title_sort | how toll like receptors influence parkinson s disease in the microbiome gut brain axis |
| topic | microbiome-gut-brain axis Parkinson’s disease Toll-like receptors immunity α-synuclein TLR2 |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1154626/full |
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