Effects of cranial electrotherapy stimulation on preoperative anxiety and blood pressure during anesthetic induction in patients with essential hypertension
Objective Cranial electrotherapy stimulation (CES) is a non-invasive treatment that improves symptoms such as anxiety and pain. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of CES pretreatment on levels of preoperative anxiety, pain, and hemodynamic responses—especially changes in blood press...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
SAGE Publishing
2020-08-01
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| Series: | Journal of International Medical Research |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1177/0300060520939370 |