Investigation of the Occurrence of Cyanotoxins in Lake Karaoun (Lebanon) by Mass Spectrometry, Bioassays and Molecular Methods
Lake Karaoun is the largest artificial lake in Lebanon and serves multiple purposes. Recently, intensive cyanobacterial blooms have been reported in the lake, raising safety and aesthetic concerns related to the presence of cyanotoxins and cyanobacterial taste and odor (T&O) compounds, respectiv...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2021-10-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/10/716 |
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| author | Noura Alice Hammoud Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou Triantafyllos Kaloudis Christophoros Christophoridis Aikaterina Paraskevopoulou Theodoros M. Triantis Kamal Slim Joanna Szpunar Ali Fadel Ryszard Lobinski Anastasia Hiskia |
| author_facet | Noura Alice Hammoud Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou Triantafyllos Kaloudis Christophoros Christophoridis Aikaterina Paraskevopoulou Theodoros M. Triantis Kamal Slim Joanna Szpunar Ali Fadel Ryszard Lobinski Anastasia Hiskia |
| author_sort | Noura Alice Hammoud |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Lake Karaoun is the largest artificial lake in Lebanon and serves multiple purposes. Recently, intensive cyanobacterial blooms have been reported in the lake, raising safety and aesthetic concerns related to the presence of cyanotoxins and cyanobacterial taste and odor (T&O) compounds, respectively. Here, we communicate for the first time results from a recent investigation by LC-MS/MS covering multiple cyanotoxins (microcystins (MCs), anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin, nodularin) in water and fish collected between 2019 and 2020. Eleven MCs were identified reaching concentrations of 211 and 199 μg/L for MC-LR and MC-YR, respectively. Cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin-a and nodularin were not detected. The determination of the total MCs was also carried out by ELISA and Protein Phosphatase Inhibition Assay yielding comparable results. Molecular detection of cyanobacteria (16S rRNA) and biosynthetic genes of toxins were carried out by qPCR. Untargeted screening analysis by GC-MS showed the presence of T&O compounds, such as β-cyclocitral, β-ionone, nonanal and dimethylsulfides that contribute to unpleasant odors in water. The determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) showed the presence of anthropogenic pollutants, mostly dichloromethane and toluene. The findings are important to develop future monitoring schemes in order to assess the risks from cyanobacterial blooms with regard to the lake’s ecosystem and its uses. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:10:29Z |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T06:10:29Z |
| publishDate | 2021-10-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-7c4f51a0d86346bb9efbad6d7920fed62023-11-22T20:13:21ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512021-10-01131071610.3390/toxins13100716Investigation of the Occurrence of Cyanotoxins in Lake Karaoun (Lebanon) by Mass Spectrometry, Bioassays and Molecular MethodsNoura Alice Hammoud0Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou1Triantafyllos Kaloudis2Christophoros Christophoridis3Aikaterina Paraskevopoulou4Theodoros M. Triantis5Kamal Slim6Joanna Szpunar7Ali Fadel8Ryszard Lobinski9Anastasia Hiskia10National Council for Scientific Research (CNRS), P.O. Box 11-8281, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2260, LebanonLaboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patr. Grigoriou E’ & 27 Neapoleos Str., Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, GreeceLaboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patr. Grigoriou E’ & 27 Neapoleos Str., Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, GreeceLaboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patr. Grigoriou E’ & 27 Neapoleos Str., Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, GreeceLaboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patr. Grigoriou E’ & 27 Neapoleos Str., Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, GreeceLaboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patr. Grigoriou E’ & 27 Neapoleos Str., Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, GreeceNational Council for Scientific Research (CNRS), P.O. Box 11-8281, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2260, LebanonInstitut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254, Hélioparc, 64053 Pau, FranceNational Council for Scientific Research (CNRS), P.O. Box 11-8281, Riad El Solh, Beirut 1107 2260, LebanonInstitut des Sciences Analytiques et de Physico-Chimie pour l’Environnement et les Matériaux, Université de Pau et des Pays de l’Adour, E2S UPPA, CNRS, IPREM UMR 5254, Hélioparc, 64053 Pau, FranceLaboratory of Photo-Catalytic Processes and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Center for Scientific Research “Demokritos”, Patr. Grigoriou E’ & 27 Neapoleos Str., Agia Paraskevi, 15341 Athens, GreeceLake Karaoun is the largest artificial lake in Lebanon and serves multiple purposes. Recently, intensive cyanobacterial blooms have been reported in the lake, raising safety and aesthetic concerns related to the presence of cyanotoxins and cyanobacterial taste and odor (T&O) compounds, respectively. Here, we communicate for the first time results from a recent investigation by LC-MS/MS covering multiple cyanotoxins (microcystins (MCs), anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin, nodularin) in water and fish collected between 2019 and 2020. Eleven MCs were identified reaching concentrations of 211 and 199 μg/L for MC-LR and MC-YR, respectively. Cylindrospermopsin, anatoxin-a and nodularin were not detected. The determination of the total MCs was also carried out by ELISA and Protein Phosphatase Inhibition Assay yielding comparable results. Molecular detection of cyanobacteria (16S rRNA) and biosynthetic genes of toxins were carried out by qPCR. Untargeted screening analysis by GC-MS showed the presence of T&O compounds, such as β-cyclocitral, β-ionone, nonanal and dimethylsulfides that contribute to unpleasant odors in water. The determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) showed the presence of anthropogenic pollutants, mostly dichloromethane and toluene. The findings are important to develop future monitoring schemes in order to assess the risks from cyanobacterial blooms with regard to the lake’s ecosystem and its uses.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/10/716cyanotoxins (CTs)microcystins (MCs)volatile organic compounds (VOCs)taste and odor (T&O) compoundsSPE-LC-MS/MSHS-SPME-GC/MS |
| spellingShingle | Noura Alice Hammoud Sevasti-Kiriaki Zervou Triantafyllos Kaloudis Christophoros Christophoridis Aikaterina Paraskevopoulou Theodoros M. Triantis Kamal Slim Joanna Szpunar Ali Fadel Ryszard Lobinski Anastasia Hiskia Investigation of the Occurrence of Cyanotoxins in Lake Karaoun (Lebanon) by Mass Spectrometry, Bioassays and Molecular Methods Toxins cyanotoxins (CTs) microcystins (MCs) volatile organic compounds (VOCs) taste and odor (T&O) compounds SPE-LC-MS/MS HS-SPME-GC/MS |
| title | Investigation of the Occurrence of Cyanotoxins in Lake Karaoun (Lebanon) by Mass Spectrometry, Bioassays and Molecular Methods |
| title_full | Investigation of the Occurrence of Cyanotoxins in Lake Karaoun (Lebanon) by Mass Spectrometry, Bioassays and Molecular Methods |
| title_fullStr | Investigation of the Occurrence of Cyanotoxins in Lake Karaoun (Lebanon) by Mass Spectrometry, Bioassays and Molecular Methods |
| title_full_unstemmed | Investigation of the Occurrence of Cyanotoxins in Lake Karaoun (Lebanon) by Mass Spectrometry, Bioassays and Molecular Methods |
| title_short | Investigation of the Occurrence of Cyanotoxins in Lake Karaoun (Lebanon) by Mass Spectrometry, Bioassays and Molecular Methods |
| title_sort | investigation of the occurrence of cyanotoxins in lake karaoun lebanon by mass spectrometry bioassays and molecular methods |
| topic | cyanotoxins (CTs) microcystins (MCs) volatile organic compounds (VOCs) taste and odor (T&O) compounds SPE-LC-MS/MS HS-SPME-GC/MS |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/13/10/716 |
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