How Risk Factors Affect Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) Tumor Immune Microenvironment (TIME): Their Influence on Immune Escape Mechanisms and Immunotherapy Strategy

How Risk Factors Affect Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) Tumor Immune Microenvironment (TIME): Their Influence on Immune Escape Mechanisms and Immunotherapy Strategy

Most head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) are caused by lifestyle, such as cigarette smoking, or by viruses, such as human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). HNSCC remains a clinical challenge, notwithstanding the improvements observed in the past years, involving surgery,...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Danilo Galizia, Silvia Minei, Elena Maldi, Giovanna Chilà, Alessio Polidori, Marco Carlo Merlano
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2022-10-01
Series:Biomedicines
Subjects:
head and neck
tumor microenvironment
smoking-associated
virus-associated
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/10/2498

Internet

https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/10/2498

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