The Kirkendall effect and nanoscience: hollow nanospheres and nanotubes

Hollow nanostructures are ranked among the top materials for applications in various modern technological areas including energy storage devices, catalyst, optics and sensors. The last years have witnessed increasing interest in the Kirkendall effect as a versatile route to fabricate hollow nanostru...

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Main Authors: Abdel-Aziz El Mel, Ryusuke Nakamura, Carla Bittencourt
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Beilstein-Institut 2015-06-01
Series:Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.139
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author Abdel-Aziz El Mel
Ryusuke Nakamura
Carla Bittencourt
author_facet Abdel-Aziz El Mel
Ryusuke Nakamura
Carla Bittencourt
author_sort Abdel-Aziz El Mel
collection DOAJ
description Hollow nanostructures are ranked among the top materials for applications in various modern technological areas including energy storage devices, catalyst, optics and sensors. The last years have witnessed increasing interest in the Kirkendall effect as a versatile route to fabricate hollow nanostructures with different shapes, compositions and functionalities. Although the conversion chemistry of nanostructures from solid to hollow has reached a very advanced maturity, there is still much to be discovered and learned on this effect. Here, the recent progress on the use of the Kirkendall effect to synthesize hollow nanospheres and nanotubes is reviewed with a special emphasis on the fundamental mechanisms occurring during such a conversion process. The discussion includes the oxidation of metal nanostructures (i.e., nanospheres and nanowires), which is an important process involving the Kirkendall effect. For nanospheres, the symmetrical and the asymmetrical mechanisms are both reviewed and compared on the basis of recent reports in the literature. For nanotubes, in addition to a summary of the conversion processes, the unusual effects observed in some particular cases (e.g., formation of segmented or bamboo-like nanotubes) are summarized and discussed. Finally, we conclude with a summary, where the prospective future direction of this research field is discussed.
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spelling doaj.art-7e0cbb50e56542019abbe635a8751cb92022-12-21T19:41:22ZengBeilstein-InstitutBeilstein Journal of Nanotechnology2190-42862015-06-01611348136110.3762/bjnano.6.1392190-4286-6-139The Kirkendall effect and nanoscience: hollow nanospheres and nanotubesAbdel-Aziz El Mel0Ryusuke Nakamura1Carla Bittencourt2Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel, IMN, Université de Nantes, CNRS, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes cedex 3, FranceDepartment of Materials Science, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Gakuen-cho 1-1, Naka-ku, Sakai 599-8531, JapanChimie des Interactions Plasma-Surface (ChIPS), CIRMAP, Research Institute for Materials Science and Engineering, University of Mons, 23 Place du Parc, B-7000 Mons, BelgiumHollow nanostructures are ranked among the top materials for applications in various modern technological areas including energy storage devices, catalyst, optics and sensors. The last years have witnessed increasing interest in the Kirkendall effect as a versatile route to fabricate hollow nanostructures with different shapes, compositions and functionalities. Although the conversion chemistry of nanostructures from solid to hollow has reached a very advanced maturity, there is still much to be discovered and learned on this effect. Here, the recent progress on the use of the Kirkendall effect to synthesize hollow nanospheres and nanotubes is reviewed with a special emphasis on the fundamental mechanisms occurring during such a conversion process. The discussion includes the oxidation of metal nanostructures (i.e., nanospheres and nanowires), which is an important process involving the Kirkendall effect. For nanospheres, the symmetrical and the asymmetrical mechanisms are both reviewed and compared on the basis of recent reports in the literature. For nanotubes, in addition to a summary of the conversion processes, the unusual effects observed in some particular cases (e.g., formation of segmented or bamboo-like nanotubes) are summarized and discussed. Finally, we conclude with a summary, where the prospective future direction of this research field is discussed.https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.139hollow nanospheresKirkendall effectmetalsnanotubesoxides
spellingShingle Abdel-Aziz El Mel
Ryusuke Nakamura
Carla Bittencourt
The Kirkendall effect and nanoscience: hollow nanospheres and nanotubes
Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology
hollow nanospheres
Kirkendall effect
metals
nanotubes
oxides
title The Kirkendall effect and nanoscience: hollow nanospheres and nanotubes
title_full The Kirkendall effect and nanoscience: hollow nanospheres and nanotubes
title_fullStr The Kirkendall effect and nanoscience: hollow nanospheres and nanotubes
title_full_unstemmed The Kirkendall effect and nanoscience: hollow nanospheres and nanotubes
title_short The Kirkendall effect and nanoscience: hollow nanospheres and nanotubes
title_sort kirkendall effect and nanoscience hollow nanospheres and nanotubes
topic hollow nanospheres
Kirkendall effect
metals
nanotubes
oxides
url https://doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.6.139
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