| Summary: | We directly synthesized multi-layer graphene with an area of several hundred square microns on the lithium niobate (LN, LiNbO _3 ) substrate by Carbon (C) implantation into the copper (Cu)-covered LiNbO _3 . The energy of C ion implantation was optimized per SRIM simulation to ensure that the distribution of C covers the Cu/LiNbO _3 interface. The optimized energy was established at 55 keV, such that the formation of C peaks in the respective materials on each side of the Cu/LiNbO _3 interface. The diffusion of the accumulated C to the Cu/LiNbO _3 interface can form a more uniform C distribution at the interface, which is beneficial to the synthesis of graphene. Following the annealing process and removal of the Cu coating, a multi-layer graphene with an area of several hundred square microns on the surface of LiNbO _3 was identified and characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy-Dispersive x-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). This remarkable advancement encourages the industrialization of direct graphene synthesis on LiNbO _3 substrates via ion implantation.
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