Intelligence, education level, and risk of Parkinson’s disease in European populations: A Mendelian randomization study
Background: A high level of education or intelligence (IQ) is reported to be a risk factor for Parkinson’s disease (PD). The purpose of this study was to systematically examine the causal relationships between IQ, educational attainment (EA), cognitive performance, and PD.Methods: We used summary st...
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| Format: | Article |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-11-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Genetics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2022.963163/full |
| _version_ | 1811232857444581376 |
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| author | Jingjing Shi Jie Tian Yu Fan Yu Fan Xiaoyan Hao Xiaoyan Hao Mengjie Li Jiadi Li Jiadi Li Dongrui Ma Mengnan Guo Shuangjie Li Yuming Xu Yuming Xu Yuming Xu Changhe Shi Changhe Shi Changhe Shi |
| author_facet | Jingjing Shi Jie Tian Yu Fan Yu Fan Xiaoyan Hao Xiaoyan Hao Mengjie Li Jiadi Li Jiadi Li Dongrui Ma Mengnan Guo Shuangjie Li Yuming Xu Yuming Xu Yuming Xu Changhe Shi Changhe Shi Changhe Shi |
| author_sort | Jingjing Shi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Background: A high level of education or intelligence (IQ) is reported to be a risk factor for Parkinson’s disease (PD). The purpose of this study was to systematically examine the causal relationships between IQ, educational attainment (EA), cognitive performance, and PD.Methods: We used summary statistics from genome-wide association studies on IQ, EA, cognitive performance, and PD. Four genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for PD were used to comprehensively explore the causal relationship, including PD GWAS (regardless of sex), age at onset of PD GWAS, male with PD GWAS, and female with PD GWAS data. We conducted a two sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode methods to evaluate the causal association between these factors. MR-Egger and MR-PRESSO were used for sensitivity analysis to test and correct horizontal pleiotropy. Multivariate MR (MVMR) was also used to account for the covariation between IQ, EA, and cognition, as well as to explore potential mediating factors.Results: Genetically predicted higher IQ was associated with an increased risk of PD in the entire population, regardless of gender. In the analyses using the IVW method, the odds ratio was 1.37 (p = 0.0064). Men with a higher IQ, more years of education, or stronger cognitive ability are more likely to develop PD compared to women. MVMR showed that adjusting for education and cognition largely attenuated the association between IQ and PD, suggesting that education and cognition may mediate the effect of IQ on PD.Conclusion: This study provides genetic support for the causal link between higher IQ and an increased risk of PD. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-8021 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-12T11:10:14Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Genetics |
| spelling | doaj.art-7e69d8f57d954cd5948c2537b2c7e6862022-12-22T03:35:38ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Genetics1664-80212022-11-011310.3389/fgene.2022.963163963163Intelligence, education level, and risk of Parkinson’s disease in European populations: A Mendelian randomization studyJingjing Shi0Jie Tian1Yu Fan2Yu Fan3Xiaoyan Hao4Xiaoyan Hao5Mengjie Li6Jiadi Li7Jiadi Li8Dongrui Ma9Mengnan Guo10Shuangjie Li11Yuming Xu12Yuming Xu13Yuming Xu14Changhe Shi15Changhe Shi16Changhe Shi17Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, ChinaZheng Zhou Railway Vocational and Technical College, Zhengzhou, Henan, ChinaDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, ChinaAcademy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, ChinaDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, ChinaAcademy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, ChinaDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, ChinaDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, ChinaAcademy of Medical Sciences of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, ChinaDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, ChinaDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, ChinaDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, ChinaDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, ChinaHenan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, ChinaInstitute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, ChinaDepartment of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, ChinaHenan Key Laboratory of Cerebrovascular Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, ChinaInstitute of Neuroscience, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, ChinaBackground: A high level of education or intelligence (IQ) is reported to be a risk factor for Parkinson’s disease (PD). The purpose of this study was to systematically examine the causal relationships between IQ, educational attainment (EA), cognitive performance, and PD.Methods: We used summary statistics from genome-wide association studies on IQ, EA, cognitive performance, and PD. Four genome-wide association study (GWAS) data for PD were used to comprehensively explore the causal relationship, including PD GWAS (regardless of sex), age at onset of PD GWAS, male with PD GWAS, and female with PD GWAS data. We conducted a two sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study using the inverse-variance weighted (IVW), weighted median, simple mode, and weighted mode methods to evaluate the causal association between these factors. MR-Egger and MR-PRESSO were used for sensitivity analysis to test and correct horizontal pleiotropy. Multivariate MR (MVMR) was also used to account for the covariation between IQ, EA, and cognition, as well as to explore potential mediating factors.Results: Genetically predicted higher IQ was associated with an increased risk of PD in the entire population, regardless of gender. In the analyses using the IVW method, the odds ratio was 1.37 (p = 0.0064). Men with a higher IQ, more years of education, or stronger cognitive ability are more likely to develop PD compared to women. MVMR showed that adjusting for education and cognition largely attenuated the association between IQ and PD, suggesting that education and cognition may mediate the effect of IQ on PD.Conclusion: This study provides genetic support for the causal link between higher IQ and an increased risk of PD.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2022.963163/fullParkinson's diseasemendelian randomizationintelligenceeducational attainmentcognitive performance |
| spellingShingle | Jingjing Shi Jie Tian Yu Fan Yu Fan Xiaoyan Hao Xiaoyan Hao Mengjie Li Jiadi Li Jiadi Li Dongrui Ma Mengnan Guo Shuangjie Li Yuming Xu Yuming Xu Yuming Xu Changhe Shi Changhe Shi Changhe Shi Intelligence, education level, and risk of Parkinson’s disease in European populations: A Mendelian randomization study Frontiers in Genetics Parkinson's disease mendelian randomization intelligence educational attainment cognitive performance |
| title | Intelligence, education level, and risk of Parkinson’s disease in European populations: A Mendelian randomization study |
| title_full | Intelligence, education level, and risk of Parkinson’s disease in European populations: A Mendelian randomization study |
| title_fullStr | Intelligence, education level, and risk of Parkinson’s disease in European populations: A Mendelian randomization study |
| title_full_unstemmed | Intelligence, education level, and risk of Parkinson’s disease in European populations: A Mendelian randomization study |
| title_short | Intelligence, education level, and risk of Parkinson’s disease in European populations: A Mendelian randomization study |
| title_sort | intelligence education level and risk of parkinson s disease in european populations a mendelian randomization study |
| topic | Parkinson's disease mendelian randomization intelligence educational attainment cognitive performance |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fgene.2022.963163/full |
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