The Antiviral Activity of Bacterial, Fungal, and Algal Polysaccharides as Bioactive Ingredients: Potential Uses for Enhancing Immune Systems and Preventing Viruses
Viral infections may cause serious human diseases. For instance, the recent appearance of the novel virus, SARS-CoV-2, causing COVID-19, has spread globally and is a serious public health concern. The consumption of healthy, proper, functional, and nutrient-rich foods has an important role in enhanc...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-11-01
|
| Series: | Frontiers in Nutrition |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.772033/full |
| _version_ | 1818858663118372864 |
|---|---|
| author | Worraprat Chaisuwan Worraprat Chaisuwan Yuthana Phimolsiripol Yuthana Phimolsiripol Thanongsak Chaiyaso Thanongsak Chaiyaso Charin Techapun Charin Techapun Noppol Leksawasdi Noppol Leksawasdi Kittisak Jantanasakulwong Kittisak Jantanasakulwong Pornchai Rachtanapun Pornchai Rachtanapun Sutee Wangtueai Sutee Wangtueai Sarana Rose Sommano Sarana Rose Sommano SangGuan You Joe M. Regenstein Francisco J. Barba Phisit Seesuriyachan Phisit Seesuriyachan |
| author_facet | Worraprat Chaisuwan Worraprat Chaisuwan Yuthana Phimolsiripol Yuthana Phimolsiripol Thanongsak Chaiyaso Thanongsak Chaiyaso Charin Techapun Charin Techapun Noppol Leksawasdi Noppol Leksawasdi Kittisak Jantanasakulwong Kittisak Jantanasakulwong Pornchai Rachtanapun Pornchai Rachtanapun Sutee Wangtueai Sutee Wangtueai Sarana Rose Sommano Sarana Rose Sommano SangGuan You Joe M. Regenstein Francisco J. Barba Phisit Seesuriyachan Phisit Seesuriyachan |
| author_sort | Worraprat Chaisuwan |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Viral infections may cause serious human diseases. For instance, the recent appearance of the novel virus, SARS-CoV-2, causing COVID-19, has spread globally and is a serious public health concern. The consumption of healthy, proper, functional, and nutrient-rich foods has an important role in enhancing an individual's immune system and preventing viral infections. Several polysaccharides from natural sources such as algae, bacteria, and fungi have been considered as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration. They are safe, low-toxicity, biodegradable, and have biological activities. In this review, the bioactive polysaccharides derived from various microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and algae were evaluated. Antiviral mechanisms of these polysaccharides were discussed. Finally, the potential use of microbial and algal polysaccharides as an antiviral and immune boosting strategy was addressed. The microbial polysaccharides exhibited several bioactivities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activities. Some microbes are able to produce sulfated polysaccharides, which are well-known to exert a board spectrum of biological activities, especially antiviral properties. Microbial polysaccharide can inhibit various viruses using different mechanisms. Furthermore, these microbial polysaccharides are also able to modulate immune responses to prevent and/or inhibit virus infections. There are many molecular factors influencing their bioactivities, e.g., functional groups, conformations, compositions, and molecular weight. At this stage of development, microbial polysaccharides will be used as adjuvants, nutrient supplements, and for drug delivery to prevent several virus infections, especially SARS-CoV-2 infection. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-19T08:59:52Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-7efe64cf7ea945ce83385be509d81ac1 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2296-861X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-19T08:59:52Z |
| publishDate | 2021-11-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Nutrition |
| spelling | doaj.art-7efe64cf7ea945ce83385be509d81ac12022-12-21T20:28:30ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Nutrition2296-861X2021-11-01810.3389/fnut.2021.772033772033The Antiviral Activity of Bacterial, Fungal, and Algal Polysaccharides as Bioactive Ingredients: Potential Uses for Enhancing Immune Systems and Preventing VirusesWorraprat Chaisuwan0Worraprat Chaisuwan1Yuthana Phimolsiripol2Yuthana Phimolsiripol3Thanongsak Chaiyaso4Thanongsak Chaiyaso5Charin Techapun6Charin Techapun7Noppol Leksawasdi8Noppol Leksawasdi9Kittisak Jantanasakulwong10Kittisak Jantanasakulwong11Pornchai Rachtanapun12Pornchai Rachtanapun13Sutee Wangtueai14Sutee Wangtueai15Sarana Rose Sommano16Sarana Rose Sommano17SangGuan You18Joe M. Regenstein19Francisco J. Barba20Phisit Seesuriyachan21Phisit Seesuriyachan22Interdisciplinary Program in Biotechnology, Graduate School, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandFaculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandFaculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandCluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro-BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandFaculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandCluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro-BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandFaculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandCluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro-BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandFaculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandCluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro-BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandFaculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandCluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro-BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandFaculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandCluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro-BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandCluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro-BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandCollege of Maritime Studies and Management, Chiang Mai University, Samut Sakhon, ThailandCluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro-BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandPlant Bioactive Compound Laboratory (BAC), Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandDepartment of Marine Food Science and Technology, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, South KoreaDepartment of Food Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United StatesDepartment of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Food Science, Toxicology and Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universitat de València, Valencia, SpainFaculty of Agro-Industry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandCluster of Agro Bio-Circular-Green Industry (Agro-BCG), Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, ThailandViral infections may cause serious human diseases. For instance, the recent appearance of the novel virus, SARS-CoV-2, causing COVID-19, has spread globally and is a serious public health concern. The consumption of healthy, proper, functional, and nutrient-rich foods has an important role in enhancing an individual's immune system and preventing viral infections. Several polysaccharides from natural sources such as algae, bacteria, and fungi have been considered as generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the US Food and Drug Administration. They are safe, low-toxicity, biodegradable, and have biological activities. In this review, the bioactive polysaccharides derived from various microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi, and algae were evaluated. Antiviral mechanisms of these polysaccharides were discussed. Finally, the potential use of microbial and algal polysaccharides as an antiviral and immune boosting strategy was addressed. The microbial polysaccharides exhibited several bioactivities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antitumor, and immunomodulatory activities. Some microbes are able to produce sulfated polysaccharides, which are well-known to exert a board spectrum of biological activities, especially antiviral properties. Microbial polysaccharide can inhibit various viruses using different mechanisms. Furthermore, these microbial polysaccharides are also able to modulate immune responses to prevent and/or inhibit virus infections. There are many molecular factors influencing their bioactivities, e.g., functional groups, conformations, compositions, and molecular weight. At this stage of development, microbial polysaccharides will be used as adjuvants, nutrient supplements, and for drug delivery to prevent several virus infections, especially SARS-CoV-2 infection.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.772033/fullsulfated polysaccharidesimmunomodulationSARS-CoV-2COVID-19antiviral activity |
| spellingShingle | Worraprat Chaisuwan Worraprat Chaisuwan Yuthana Phimolsiripol Yuthana Phimolsiripol Thanongsak Chaiyaso Thanongsak Chaiyaso Charin Techapun Charin Techapun Noppol Leksawasdi Noppol Leksawasdi Kittisak Jantanasakulwong Kittisak Jantanasakulwong Pornchai Rachtanapun Pornchai Rachtanapun Sutee Wangtueai Sutee Wangtueai Sarana Rose Sommano Sarana Rose Sommano SangGuan You Joe M. Regenstein Francisco J. Barba Phisit Seesuriyachan Phisit Seesuriyachan The Antiviral Activity of Bacterial, Fungal, and Algal Polysaccharides as Bioactive Ingredients: Potential Uses for Enhancing Immune Systems and Preventing Viruses Frontiers in Nutrition sulfated polysaccharides immunomodulation SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 antiviral activity |
| title | The Antiviral Activity of Bacterial, Fungal, and Algal Polysaccharides as Bioactive Ingredients: Potential Uses for Enhancing Immune Systems and Preventing Viruses |
| title_full | The Antiviral Activity of Bacterial, Fungal, and Algal Polysaccharides as Bioactive Ingredients: Potential Uses for Enhancing Immune Systems and Preventing Viruses |
| title_fullStr | The Antiviral Activity of Bacterial, Fungal, and Algal Polysaccharides as Bioactive Ingredients: Potential Uses for Enhancing Immune Systems and Preventing Viruses |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Antiviral Activity of Bacterial, Fungal, and Algal Polysaccharides as Bioactive Ingredients: Potential Uses for Enhancing Immune Systems and Preventing Viruses |
| title_short | The Antiviral Activity of Bacterial, Fungal, and Algal Polysaccharides as Bioactive Ingredients: Potential Uses for Enhancing Immune Systems and Preventing Viruses |
| title_sort | antiviral activity of bacterial fungal and algal polysaccharides as bioactive ingredients potential uses for enhancing immune systems and preventing viruses |
| topic | sulfated polysaccharides immunomodulation SARS-CoV-2 COVID-19 antiviral activity |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnut.2021.772033/full |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT worrapratchaisuwan theantiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT worrapratchaisuwan theantiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT yuthanaphimolsiripol theantiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT yuthanaphimolsiripol theantiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT thanongsakchaiyaso theantiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT thanongsakchaiyaso theantiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT charintechapun theantiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT charintechapun theantiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT noppolleksawasdi theantiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT noppolleksawasdi theantiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT kittisakjantanasakulwong theantiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT kittisakjantanasakulwong theantiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT pornchairachtanapun theantiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT pornchairachtanapun theantiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT suteewangtueai theantiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT suteewangtueai theantiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT saranarosesommano theantiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT saranarosesommano theantiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT sangguanyou theantiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT joemregenstein theantiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT franciscojbarba theantiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT phisitseesuriyachan theantiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT phisitseesuriyachan theantiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT worrapratchaisuwan antiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT worrapratchaisuwan antiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT yuthanaphimolsiripol antiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT yuthanaphimolsiripol antiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT thanongsakchaiyaso antiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT thanongsakchaiyaso antiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT charintechapun antiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT charintechapun antiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT noppolleksawasdi antiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT noppolleksawasdi antiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT kittisakjantanasakulwong antiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT kittisakjantanasakulwong antiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT pornchairachtanapun antiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT pornchairachtanapun antiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT suteewangtueai antiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT suteewangtueai antiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT saranarosesommano antiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT saranarosesommano antiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT sangguanyou antiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT joemregenstein antiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT franciscojbarba antiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT phisitseesuriyachan antiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses AT phisitseesuriyachan antiviralactivityofbacterialfungalandalgalpolysaccharidesasbioactiveingredientspotentialusesforenhancingimmunesystemsandpreventingviruses |