Natural Flavonoids Quercetin and Kaempferol Targeting G2/M Cell Cycle-Related Genes and Synergize with Smac Mimetic LCL-161 to Induce Necroptosis in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive cancer associated with a very poor prognosis and low survival rates, primarily due to late-stage diagnosis and low response rates to conventional chemotherapy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify effective therapeutic strategies that can improve p...
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MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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| Series: | Nutrients |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/14/3090 |
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| author | Thanpisit Lomphithak Patthorn Jaikla Apiwit Sae-Fung Sasiprapa Sonkaew Siriporn Jitkaew |
| author_facet | Thanpisit Lomphithak Patthorn Jaikla Apiwit Sae-Fung Sasiprapa Sonkaew Siriporn Jitkaew |
| author_sort | Thanpisit Lomphithak |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive cancer associated with a very poor prognosis and low survival rates, primarily due to late-stage diagnosis and low response rates to conventional chemotherapy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify effective therapeutic strategies that can improve patient outcomes. Flavonoids, such as quercetin and kaempferol, are naturally occurring compounds that have attracted significant attention for their potential in cancer therapy by targeting multiple genes. In this study, we employed network pharmacology and bioinformatic analysis to identify potential targets of quercetin and kaempferol. The results revealed that the target genes of these flavonoids were enriched in G2/M-related genes, and higher expression of G2/M signature genes was significantly associated with shorter survival in CCA patients. Furthermore, in vitro experiments using CCA cells demonstrated that quercetin or kaempferol induced cell-cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Additionally, when combined with a Smac mimetic LCL-161, an IAP antagonist, quercetin or kaempferol synergistically induced RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL-mediated necroptosis in CCA cells while sparing non-tumor cholangiocyte cells. These findings shed light on an innovative therapeutic combination of flavonoids, particularly quercetin and kaempferol, with Smac mimetics, suggesting great promise as a necroptosis-based approach for treating CCA and potentially other types of cancer. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:46:03Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-811ec43bf78b43de8acdd99399c806ad |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6643 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T00:46:03Z |
| publishDate | 2023-07-01 |
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| record_format | Article |
| series | Nutrients |
| spelling | doaj.art-811ec43bf78b43de8acdd99399c806ad2023-11-18T20:47:00ZengMDPI AGNutrients2072-66432023-07-011514309010.3390/nu15143090Natural Flavonoids Quercetin and Kaempferol Targeting G2/M Cell Cycle-Related Genes and Synergize with Smac Mimetic LCL-161 to Induce Necroptosis in Cholangiocarcinoma CellsThanpisit Lomphithak0Patthorn Jaikla1Apiwit Sae-Fung2Sasiprapa Sonkaew3Siriporn Jitkaew4Graduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, ThailandGraduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, ThailandGraduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, ThailandGraduate Program in Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, ThailandDepartment of Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, ThailandCholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an aggressive cancer associated with a very poor prognosis and low survival rates, primarily due to late-stage diagnosis and low response rates to conventional chemotherapy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify effective therapeutic strategies that can improve patient outcomes. Flavonoids, such as quercetin and kaempferol, are naturally occurring compounds that have attracted significant attention for their potential in cancer therapy by targeting multiple genes. In this study, we employed network pharmacology and bioinformatic analysis to identify potential targets of quercetin and kaempferol. The results revealed that the target genes of these flavonoids were enriched in G2/M-related genes, and higher expression of G2/M signature genes was significantly associated with shorter survival in CCA patients. Furthermore, in vitro experiments using CCA cells demonstrated that quercetin or kaempferol induced cell-cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. Additionally, when combined with a Smac mimetic LCL-161, an IAP antagonist, quercetin or kaempferol synergistically induced RIPK1/RIPK3/MLKL-mediated necroptosis in CCA cells while sparing non-tumor cholangiocyte cells. These findings shed light on an innovative therapeutic combination of flavonoids, particularly quercetin and kaempferol, with Smac mimetics, suggesting great promise as a necroptosis-based approach for treating CCA and potentially other types of cancer.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/14/3090CholangiocarcinomanecroptosisSmac mimeticsquercetinkaempferol |
| spellingShingle | Thanpisit Lomphithak Patthorn Jaikla Apiwit Sae-Fung Sasiprapa Sonkaew Siriporn Jitkaew Natural Flavonoids Quercetin and Kaempferol Targeting G2/M Cell Cycle-Related Genes and Synergize with Smac Mimetic LCL-161 to Induce Necroptosis in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells Nutrients Cholangiocarcinoma necroptosis Smac mimetics quercetin kaempferol |
| title | Natural Flavonoids Quercetin and Kaempferol Targeting G2/M Cell Cycle-Related Genes and Synergize with Smac Mimetic LCL-161 to Induce Necroptosis in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells |
| title_full | Natural Flavonoids Quercetin and Kaempferol Targeting G2/M Cell Cycle-Related Genes and Synergize with Smac Mimetic LCL-161 to Induce Necroptosis in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells |
| title_fullStr | Natural Flavonoids Quercetin and Kaempferol Targeting G2/M Cell Cycle-Related Genes and Synergize with Smac Mimetic LCL-161 to Induce Necroptosis in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells |
| title_full_unstemmed | Natural Flavonoids Quercetin and Kaempferol Targeting G2/M Cell Cycle-Related Genes and Synergize with Smac Mimetic LCL-161 to Induce Necroptosis in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells |
| title_short | Natural Flavonoids Quercetin and Kaempferol Targeting G2/M Cell Cycle-Related Genes and Synergize with Smac Mimetic LCL-161 to Induce Necroptosis in Cholangiocarcinoma Cells |
| title_sort | natural flavonoids quercetin and kaempferol targeting g2 m cell cycle related genes and synergize with smac mimetic lcl 161 to induce necroptosis in cholangiocarcinoma cells |
| topic | Cholangiocarcinoma necroptosis Smac mimetics quercetin kaempferol |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/14/3090 |
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