New Insight into the Effects of Metformin on Diabetic Retinopathy, Aging and Cancer: Nonapoptotic Cell Death, Immunosuppression, and Effects beyond the AMPK Pathway

New Insight into the Effects of Metformin on Diabetic Retinopathy, Aging and Cancer: Nonapoptotic Cell Death, Immunosuppression, and Effects beyond the AMPK Pathway

Under metabolic stress conditions such as hypoxia and glucose deprivation, an increase in the AMP:ATP ratio activates the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, resulting in the modulation of cellular metabolism. Metformin, which is widely prescribed for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patient...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Sheng-Kai Hsu, Kai-Chun Cheng, Miracle Oluebube Mgbeahuruike, Yi-Hsiung Lin, Chang-Yi Wu, Hui-Min David Wang, Chia-Hung Yen, Chien-Chih Chiu, Shwu-Jiuan Sheu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2021-08-01
Series:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Subjects:
metformin
biguanides
aging
nonapoptotic cell death
metastasis
immunosuppression
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/17/9453

Internet

https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/17/9453

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