New Insight into the Effects of Metformin on Diabetic Retinopathy, Aging and Cancer: Nonapoptotic Cell Death, Immunosuppression, and Effects beyond the AMPK Pathway
Under metabolic stress conditions such as hypoxia and glucose deprivation, an increase in the AMP:ATP ratio activates the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, resulting in the modulation of cellular metabolism. Metformin, which is widely prescribed for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patient...
Main Authors: | Sheng-Kai Hsu, Kai-Chun Cheng, Miracle Oluebube Mgbeahuruike, Yi-Hsiung Lin, Chang-Yi Wu, Hui-Min David Wang, Chia-Hung Yen, Chien-Chih Chiu, Shwu-Jiuan Sheu |
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-08-01
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Series: | International Journal of Molecular Sciences |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/17/9453 |
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