| Summary: | Altered metabolism is a hallmark of cancer. Malignant cells metabolise glutamine to fulfil their metabolic needs. In prostate cancer, androgen receptor signalling promotes glutamine metabolism, which is also involved in cholesterol homeostasis. We aimed to determine whether the plasma glutamine levels correlate with the blood lipid profile, clinical characteristics and outcomes in patients with metastatic castration resistance prostate cancer (mCRPC) undergoing taxanes. We retrospectively assessed the glutamine and glutamate levels in plasma samples by a bioluminescent assay. Pre-treatment glutamine, glutamate, cholesterol and triglycerides levels were correlated with patients’ clinical characteristics, taxanes response and clinical outcomes. Seventy-five patients with mCRPC treated with taxanes were included. The plasma glutamine levels were significantly higher in patients that received abiraterone or enzalutamide prior to taxanes (<i>p</i> = 0.003). Besides, patients with low glutamine levels were more likely to present a PSA response to taxanes (<i>p</i> = 0.048). Higher glutamine levels were significantly correlated with shorter biochemical/clinical progression-free survival (PSA/RX-PFS) (median 2.5 vs. 4.2 months; <i>p</i> = 0.048) and overall survival (OS) (median 12.6 vs. 20.3; <i>p</i> = 0.008). High cholesterol levels independently predicted early PSA/RX-PFS (<i>p</i> = 0.034). High glutamine and cholesterol in the plasma from patients with mCRPC were associated with adverse clinical outcomes, supporting the relevance of further research on metabolism in prostate cancer progression.
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