Extracellular Vesicle-Mediated IL-1 Signaling in Response to Doxorubicin Activates PD-L1 Expression in Osteosarcoma Models
The expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in tumors is associated with tumor cell escape from T-cell cytotoxicity, and is considered a crucial effector in chemoresistance and tumor relapse. Although PD-L1 induction has been observed in patients after chemotherapy treatment, the mechan...
Main Authors: | , , , , , , , , , , |
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-03-01
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Series: | Cells |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/6/1042 |