Determination of some heavy metals in different wheat flour brands in Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region - Iraq
Wheat flour is one of the most important sources of nutrients, and it is widely consumed worldwide as a raw ingredient in bread and other pastries. High heavy metal concentrations in the consumed wheat products could induce higher health risks. This study evaluated the heavy metal concentrations in...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences
2023-12-01
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| Series: | Czech Journal of Food Sciences |
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| Online Access: | https://cjfs.agriculturejournals.cz/artkey/cjf-202306-0007_determination-of-some-heavy-metals-in-different-wheat-flour-brands-in-sulaimani-kurdistan-region-8211-iraq.php |
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| author | Muhammad Faruq Wahab Dara Muhamed Jamil |
| author_facet | Muhammad Faruq Wahab Dara Muhamed Jamil |
| author_sort | Muhammad Faruq Wahab |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Wheat flour is one of the most important sources of nutrients, and it is widely consumed worldwide as a raw ingredient in bread and other pastries. High heavy metal concentrations in the consumed wheat products could induce higher health risks. This study evaluated the heavy metal concentrations in the most available foreign and domestic wheat flour in Sulaimani, Kurdistan Iraq. The wheat flour samples were collected from different locations, and the heavy metal concentration was measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The mean values in wheat flour samples were roughly within the permissible limit set by Iraqi standard (IQS), GCC Standardization Organization (GSO) (GCC - Gulf Cooperation Council), Codex, and FAO/WHO. Heavy metals were detected in the descending order copper (Cu) > lead (Pb) > arsenic (As) > chromium (Cr) > nickel (Ni) > cadmium (Cd) > cobalt (Co). The results showed that wheat flour samples from the Sulaimani markets were slightly contaminated with Ni, and one domestic wheat flour sample with Pb was probably linked to fertiliser and soil contamination. It is concluded that wheat flour could be a source of chronic exposure to toxic heavy metals such as nickel and lead, resulting in adverse health issues later. Consequently, regular monitoring of soil contamination, water quality, and use of recommended levels of fertilisers and pesticides in the agricultural areas of Sulaimani are recommended. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:27:00Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-84824bb95ae34c1d8cf999d302eb192b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1212-1800 1805-9317 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-08T09:27:00Z |
| publishDate | 2023-12-01 |
| publisher | Czech Academy of Agricultural Sciences |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Czech Journal of Food Sciences |
| spelling | doaj.art-84824bb95ae34c1d8cf999d302eb192b2024-01-31T08:11:35ZengCzech Academy of Agricultural SciencesCzech Journal of Food Sciences1212-18001805-93172023-12-0141645546110.17221/85/2023-CJFScjf-202306-0007Determination of some heavy metals in different wheat flour brands in Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region - IraqMuhammad Faruq Wahab0Dara Muhamed JamilFood Science and Quality Control Department, College of Agricultural Engineering Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, IraqWheat flour is one of the most important sources of nutrients, and it is widely consumed worldwide as a raw ingredient in bread and other pastries. High heavy metal concentrations in the consumed wheat products could induce higher health risks. This study evaluated the heavy metal concentrations in the most available foreign and domestic wheat flour in Sulaimani, Kurdistan Iraq. The wheat flour samples were collected from different locations, and the heavy metal concentration was measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The mean values in wheat flour samples were roughly within the permissible limit set by Iraqi standard (IQS), GCC Standardization Organization (GSO) (GCC - Gulf Cooperation Council), Codex, and FAO/WHO. Heavy metals were detected in the descending order copper (Cu) > lead (Pb) > arsenic (As) > chromium (Cr) > nickel (Ni) > cadmium (Cd) > cobalt (Co). The results showed that wheat flour samples from the Sulaimani markets were slightly contaminated with Ni, and one domestic wheat flour sample with Pb was probably linked to fertiliser and soil contamination. It is concluded that wheat flour could be a source of chronic exposure to toxic heavy metals such as nickel and lead, resulting in adverse health issues later. Consequently, regular monitoring of soil contamination, water quality, and use of recommended levels of fertilisers and pesticides in the agricultural areas of Sulaimani are recommended.https://cjfs.agriculturejournals.cz/artkey/cjf-202306-0007_determination-of-some-heavy-metals-in-different-wheat-flour-brands-in-sulaimani-kurdistan-region-8211-iraq.phpiraqi standardinductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (icp-oes)contaminationdomesticforeign |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Faruq Wahab Dara Muhamed Jamil Determination of some heavy metals in different wheat flour brands in Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region - Iraq Czech Journal of Food Sciences iraqi standard inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (icp-oes) contamination domestic foreign |
| title | Determination of some heavy metals in different wheat flour brands in Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region - Iraq |
| title_full | Determination of some heavy metals in different wheat flour brands in Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region - Iraq |
| title_fullStr | Determination of some heavy metals in different wheat flour brands in Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region - Iraq |
| title_full_unstemmed | Determination of some heavy metals in different wheat flour brands in Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region - Iraq |
| title_short | Determination of some heavy metals in different wheat flour brands in Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region - Iraq |
| title_sort | determination of some heavy metals in different wheat flour brands in sulaimani kurdistan region iraq |
| topic | iraqi standard inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (icp-oes) contamination domestic foreign |
| url | https://cjfs.agriculturejournals.cz/artkey/cjf-202306-0007_determination-of-some-heavy-metals-in-different-wheat-flour-brands-in-sulaimani-kurdistan-region-8211-iraq.php |
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