Brominated Dioxins in Egg, Broiler, and Feed Additives: Significance of Bioassay-Directed Screening for Identification of Emerging Risks in Food
Food authorities aim to safeguard our food. This requires sensitive analyses to guarantee detection of both banned and regulated substances at low concentrations. At the same time, broad screening methods are needed to identify new emerging risks. For this purpose, effect-based bioassays combined wi...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2024-03-01
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| Series: | Foods |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/6/931 |
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| author | Caroline Dirks Arjen Gerssen Yoran Weide Thijs Meijer Guido van der Weg Milou G. M. van de Schans Toine F. H. Bovee |
| author_facet | Caroline Dirks Arjen Gerssen Yoran Weide Thijs Meijer Guido van der Weg Milou G. M. van de Schans Toine F. H. Bovee |
| author_sort | Caroline Dirks |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Food authorities aim to safeguard our food. This requires sensitive analyses to guarantee detection of both banned and regulated substances at low concentrations. At the same time, broad screening methods are needed to identify new emerging risks. For this purpose, effect-based bioassays combined with mass spectrometric analyses offer an advantage. During the regular monitoring of dioxins in agricultural products, a discrepancy was observed between the results of the DR CALUX (Dioxin-Responsive Chemical Activated Luciferase gene Expression) bioassay and the confirmatory gas chromatographic high resolution mass spectrometric (GC-HRMS) analysis in egg and broiler fat samples. The response in the bioassay was high, suggesting a clear exceedance of the maximum limits of dioxins in these samples, yet regulated dioxins or dl-PCBs were not detected by GC/HRMS analysis. Ultimately, a broad screening analysis using GC-HRMS resulted in the identification of 2,3,7,8-tetrabromo-dibenzofuran (2,3,7,8-TBDF) in both egg and broiler fat. To investigate the potential source of this brominated furan contaminant, different samples were analyzed: bedding material, poultry feed, feed additives (choline chloride and l-lysine), and seaweed. The poultry feed and feed additives all contained 2,3,7,8-TBDF. Using a feed-to-food transfer model, it became clear that the poultry feed was probably the source of 2,3,7,8-TBDF in broilers and eggs through a feed additive like L-lysine or choline chloride. This study underlines the importance of using a combination of effect-based screening assays with sensitive analytical methods to detect potential new and emerging risks. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:17:04Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8642486723464164bbf75b6187888830 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2304-8158 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-24T18:17:04Z |
| publishDate | 2024-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Foods |
| spelling | doaj.art-8642486723464164bbf75b61878888302024-03-27T13:41:13ZengMDPI AGFoods2304-81582024-03-0113693110.3390/foods13060931Brominated Dioxins in Egg, Broiler, and Feed Additives: Significance of Bioassay-Directed Screening for Identification of Emerging Risks in FoodCaroline Dirks0Arjen Gerssen1Yoran Weide2Thijs Meijer3Guido van der Weg4Milou G. M. van de Schans5Toine F. H. Bovee6Wageningen Food Safety Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The NetherlandsWageningen Food Safety Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The NetherlandsWageningen Food Safety Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The NetherlandsWageningen Food Safety Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The NetherlandsWageningen Food Safety Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The NetherlandsWageningen Food Safety Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The NetherlandsWageningen Food Safety Research, 6708 WB Wageningen, The NetherlandsFood authorities aim to safeguard our food. This requires sensitive analyses to guarantee detection of both banned and regulated substances at low concentrations. At the same time, broad screening methods are needed to identify new emerging risks. For this purpose, effect-based bioassays combined with mass spectrometric analyses offer an advantage. During the regular monitoring of dioxins in agricultural products, a discrepancy was observed between the results of the DR CALUX (Dioxin-Responsive Chemical Activated Luciferase gene Expression) bioassay and the confirmatory gas chromatographic high resolution mass spectrometric (GC-HRMS) analysis in egg and broiler fat samples. The response in the bioassay was high, suggesting a clear exceedance of the maximum limits of dioxins in these samples, yet regulated dioxins or dl-PCBs were not detected by GC/HRMS analysis. Ultimately, a broad screening analysis using GC-HRMS resulted in the identification of 2,3,7,8-tetrabromo-dibenzofuran (2,3,7,8-TBDF) in both egg and broiler fat. To investigate the potential source of this brominated furan contaminant, different samples were analyzed: bedding material, poultry feed, feed additives (choline chloride and l-lysine), and seaweed. The poultry feed and feed additives all contained 2,3,7,8-TBDF. Using a feed-to-food transfer model, it became clear that the poultry feed was probably the source of 2,3,7,8-TBDF in broilers and eggs through a feed additive like L-lysine or choline chloride. This study underlines the importance of using a combination of effect-based screening assays with sensitive analytical methods to detect potential new and emerging risks.https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/6/931bioassaybrominated dioxinsL-lysineDR CALUXGC-HRMStetrabromo-dibenzofuran |
| spellingShingle | Caroline Dirks Arjen Gerssen Yoran Weide Thijs Meijer Guido van der Weg Milou G. M. van de Schans Toine F. H. Bovee Brominated Dioxins in Egg, Broiler, and Feed Additives: Significance of Bioassay-Directed Screening for Identification of Emerging Risks in Food Foods bioassay brominated dioxins L-lysine DR CALUX GC-HRMS tetrabromo-dibenzofuran |
| title | Brominated Dioxins in Egg, Broiler, and Feed Additives: Significance of Bioassay-Directed Screening for Identification of Emerging Risks in Food |
| title_full | Brominated Dioxins in Egg, Broiler, and Feed Additives: Significance of Bioassay-Directed Screening for Identification of Emerging Risks in Food |
| title_fullStr | Brominated Dioxins in Egg, Broiler, and Feed Additives: Significance of Bioassay-Directed Screening for Identification of Emerging Risks in Food |
| title_full_unstemmed | Brominated Dioxins in Egg, Broiler, and Feed Additives: Significance of Bioassay-Directed Screening for Identification of Emerging Risks in Food |
| title_short | Brominated Dioxins in Egg, Broiler, and Feed Additives: Significance of Bioassay-Directed Screening for Identification of Emerging Risks in Food |
| title_sort | brominated dioxins in egg broiler and feed additives significance of bioassay directed screening for identification of emerging risks in food |
| topic | bioassay brominated dioxins L-lysine DR CALUX GC-HRMS tetrabromo-dibenzofuran |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/13/6/931 |
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