Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity in Raw and Denatured Aqueous Extracts from Sprouts and Wheatgrass of Einkorn and Emmer Obtained under Salinity

Total phenolic content (TPC), reducing power (RP), superoxide radical scavenging (RS), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) production inhibition were measured in raw and denatured aqueous extracts from sprouts and wheatgrass of einkorn and emmer obtained at increasing salinity. Grain...

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Main Authors: Beatrice Falcinelli, Paolo Benincasa, Isabella Calzuola, Lilia Gigliarelli, Stanley Lutts, Valeria Marsili
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2017-12-01
Series:Molecules
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/22/12/2132
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author Beatrice Falcinelli
Paolo Benincasa
Isabella Calzuola
Lilia Gigliarelli
Stanley Lutts
Valeria Marsili
author_facet Beatrice Falcinelli
Paolo Benincasa
Isabella Calzuola
Lilia Gigliarelli
Stanley Lutts
Valeria Marsili
author_sort Beatrice Falcinelli
collection DOAJ
description Total phenolic content (TPC), reducing power (RP), superoxide radical scavenging (RS), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) production inhibition were measured in raw and denatured aqueous extracts from sprouts and wheatgrass of einkorn and emmer obtained at increasing salinity. Grains were incubated and kept at 0, 25, 50, and 100 mM NaCl until either sprout or wheatgrass stage. Additionally, a recovery treatment was included, in which sprouts obtained at 100 mM NaCl were then transferred at 0 mM NaCl until wheatgrass stage. All parameters (TPC, RP, RS, and TBARS production inhibition) increased with sprouting and were highest in wheatgrass. Salinity increased all parameters, but the effect varied with NaCl concentration, genotype, developmental stage, and plant material processing (raw or denatured). Overall, given the delay and limitation of growth at high NaCl concentration, the best compromise appears to be the application of a moderate salinity (25 to 50 mM NaCl). In denatured extracts, TPC, RP, and RS slightly decreased, and TBARS was not affected, which means that antioxidant activity was mainly related to compounds other than enzymes and peptides, and thus it can be assumed to remain after digestion. Thus, supplementing the human diet with einkorn or emmer sprouts and wheatgrass can actually benefit health.
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spelling doaj.art-86d6cded1e354dccbad9ea9f143bcc002022-12-22T01:01:45ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492017-12-012212213210.3390/molecules22122132molecules22122132Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity in Raw and Denatured Aqueous Extracts from Sprouts and Wheatgrass of Einkorn and Emmer Obtained under SalinityBeatrice Falcinelli0Paolo Benincasa1Isabella Calzuola2Lilia Gigliarelli3Stanley Lutts4Valeria Marsili5Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università di Perugia, Perugia 74-06121, ItalyDipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari ed Ambientali, Università di Perugia, Perugia 74-06121, ItalyNutraceutical & Phytochemical Products (NPP) S.r.l, Strada Madonna del Giglio, Perugia 15-06132, ItalyDipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università di Perugia, Perugia 74-06121, ItalyGroupe de Recherche en Physiologie Végétale (GRPV), Earth and Life Institute- Agronomy (ELI-A), Université catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 45, boite L7.07.13, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, BelgiumDipartimento di Biologia Cellulare e Molecolare, Università di Perugia, Perugia 74-06121, ItalyTotal phenolic content (TPC), reducing power (RP), superoxide radical scavenging (RS), and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) production inhibition were measured in raw and denatured aqueous extracts from sprouts and wheatgrass of einkorn and emmer obtained at increasing salinity. Grains were incubated and kept at 0, 25, 50, and 100 mM NaCl until either sprout or wheatgrass stage. Additionally, a recovery treatment was included, in which sprouts obtained at 100 mM NaCl were then transferred at 0 mM NaCl until wheatgrass stage. All parameters (TPC, RP, RS, and TBARS production inhibition) increased with sprouting and were highest in wheatgrass. Salinity increased all parameters, but the effect varied with NaCl concentration, genotype, developmental stage, and plant material processing (raw or denatured). Overall, given the delay and limitation of growth at high NaCl concentration, the best compromise appears to be the application of a moderate salinity (25 to 50 mM NaCl). In denatured extracts, TPC, RP, and RS slightly decreased, and TBARS was not affected, which means that antioxidant activity was mainly related to compounds other than enzymes and peptides, and thus it can be assumed to remain after digestion. Thus, supplementing the human diet with einkorn or emmer sprouts and wheatgrass can actually benefit health.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/22/12/2132sproutingsalinityreducing powerradical scavengingTBARS
spellingShingle Beatrice Falcinelli
Paolo Benincasa
Isabella Calzuola
Lilia Gigliarelli
Stanley Lutts
Valeria Marsili
Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity in Raw and Denatured Aqueous Extracts from Sprouts and Wheatgrass of Einkorn and Emmer Obtained under Salinity
Molecules
sprouting
salinity
reducing power
radical scavenging
TBARS
title Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity in Raw and Denatured Aqueous Extracts from Sprouts and Wheatgrass of Einkorn and Emmer Obtained under Salinity
title_full Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity in Raw and Denatured Aqueous Extracts from Sprouts and Wheatgrass of Einkorn and Emmer Obtained under Salinity
title_fullStr Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity in Raw and Denatured Aqueous Extracts from Sprouts and Wheatgrass of Einkorn and Emmer Obtained under Salinity
title_full_unstemmed Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity in Raw and Denatured Aqueous Extracts from Sprouts and Wheatgrass of Einkorn and Emmer Obtained under Salinity
title_short Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity in Raw and Denatured Aqueous Extracts from Sprouts and Wheatgrass of Einkorn and Emmer Obtained under Salinity
title_sort phenolic content and antioxidant activity in raw and denatured aqueous extracts from sprouts and wheatgrass of einkorn and emmer obtained under salinity
topic sprouting
salinity
reducing power
radical scavenging
TBARS
url https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/22/12/2132
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