Biotransformation of Agricultural Wastes into Lovastatin and Optimization of a Fermentation Process Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)
Lovastatin is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA Reductase). The HMG-CoA reductase is responsible for the production of mevalonate by the reduction of HMG-CoA. It is a rate-limiting step in the production of cholesterol. The current study demonst...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2022-11-01
|
| Series: | Agronomy |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/11/2848 |
| _version_ | 1797466126087618560 |
|---|---|
| author | Sadia Javed Muhammad Azeem Saqib Mahmood Khalid Mashay Al-Anazi Mohammad Abul Farah Sajad Ali Baber Ali |
| author_facet | Sadia Javed Muhammad Azeem Saqib Mahmood Khalid Mashay Al-Anazi Mohammad Abul Farah Sajad Ali Baber Ali |
| author_sort | Sadia Javed |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Lovastatin is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA Reductase). The HMG-CoA reductase is responsible for the production of mevalonate by the reduction of HMG-CoA. It is a rate-limiting step in the production of cholesterol. The current study demonstrates the production of lovastatin from an ethidium bromide mutated strain of <i>Aspergillus terreus</i> ATE-120 (saprophytic fungus) that is grown on 1–3% NaOH pretreated substrate of sugar cane bagasse (<i>Saccharum officinarum</i> L.). For the hyperproduction of lovastatin, different optimization parameters such as temperature, pH, inoculum size, fermentation period, and inoculum age were mentioned and analyzed via response surface methodology. The RSM results indicate that the maximum lovastatin yield (156.43 mg/L) was predicted at a 5.5 pH, 35 °C temperature, 4 mL inoculum size, 36 h inoculum age, and 48 h fermentation via solid state fermentation. According to these results, the effect of pH had a significant effect on lovastatin production, while other parameters had an insignificant effect, and coefficients of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) having a value of 77.24% indicates the goodness of the proposed model. The structure of the obtained drug was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance. Moreover, an X-ray diffraction analysis of the sample was carried out to characterize the physical form of the lovastatin. It can be concluded from the above study that the maximum yield of the drug can be found via RSM and that the selected strain (<i>Aspergillus terreus</i> ATE-120) has good potential for lovastatin production through solid-state fermentation. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:32:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-87e77e043a194b92ad853d8556eae14f |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4395 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T18:32:21Z |
| publishDate | 2022-11-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Agronomy |
| spelling | doaj.art-87e77e043a194b92ad853d8556eae14f2023-11-24T07:26:34ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952022-11-011211284810.3390/agronomy12112848Biotransformation of Agricultural Wastes into Lovastatin and Optimization of a Fermentation Process Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)Sadia Javed0Muhammad Azeem1Saqib Mahmood2Khalid Mashay Al-Anazi3Mohammad Abul Farah4Sajad Ali5Baber Ali6Department of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38400, PakistanDepartment of Biochemistry, Government College University, Faisalabad 38400, PakistanDepartment of Botany, Government College University, Faisalabad 38400, PakistanDepartment of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi ArabiaDepartment of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Gyeongbuk, Republic of KoreaDepartment of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, PakistanLovastatin is a competitive inhibitor of the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-CoA reductase (HMG-CoA Reductase). The HMG-CoA reductase is responsible for the production of mevalonate by the reduction of HMG-CoA. It is a rate-limiting step in the production of cholesterol. The current study demonstrates the production of lovastatin from an ethidium bromide mutated strain of <i>Aspergillus terreus</i> ATE-120 (saprophytic fungus) that is grown on 1–3% NaOH pretreated substrate of sugar cane bagasse (<i>Saccharum officinarum</i> L.). For the hyperproduction of lovastatin, different optimization parameters such as temperature, pH, inoculum size, fermentation period, and inoculum age were mentioned and analyzed via response surface methodology. The RSM results indicate that the maximum lovastatin yield (156.43 mg/L) was predicted at a 5.5 pH, 35 °C temperature, 4 mL inoculum size, 36 h inoculum age, and 48 h fermentation via solid state fermentation. According to these results, the effect of pH had a significant effect on lovastatin production, while other parameters had an insignificant effect, and coefficients of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) having a value of 77.24% indicates the goodness of the proposed model. The structure of the obtained drug was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance. Moreover, an X-ray diffraction analysis of the sample was carried out to characterize the physical form of the lovastatin. It can be concluded from the above study that the maximum yield of the drug can be found via RSM and that the selected strain (<i>Aspergillus terreus</i> ATE-120) has good potential for lovastatin production through solid-state fermentation.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/11/2848lovastatinagricultural wastessugarcane bagasse<i>Aspergillus terreus</i> mutantnuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)X-ray diffraction (XRD) |
| spellingShingle | Sadia Javed Muhammad Azeem Saqib Mahmood Khalid Mashay Al-Anazi Mohammad Abul Farah Sajad Ali Baber Ali Biotransformation of Agricultural Wastes into Lovastatin and Optimization of a Fermentation Process Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) Agronomy lovastatin agricultural wastes sugarcane bagasse <i>Aspergillus terreus</i> mutant nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) X-ray diffraction (XRD) |
| title | Biotransformation of Agricultural Wastes into Lovastatin and Optimization of a Fermentation Process Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) |
| title_full | Biotransformation of Agricultural Wastes into Lovastatin and Optimization of a Fermentation Process Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) |
| title_fullStr | Biotransformation of Agricultural Wastes into Lovastatin and Optimization of a Fermentation Process Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biotransformation of Agricultural Wastes into Lovastatin and Optimization of a Fermentation Process Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) |
| title_short | Biotransformation of Agricultural Wastes into Lovastatin and Optimization of a Fermentation Process Using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) |
| title_sort | biotransformation of agricultural wastes into lovastatin and optimization of a fermentation process using response surface methodology rsm |
| topic | lovastatin agricultural wastes sugarcane bagasse <i>Aspergillus terreus</i> mutant nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) X-ray diffraction (XRD) |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/12/11/2848 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT sadiajaved biotransformationofagriculturalwastesintolovastatinandoptimizationofafermentationprocessusingresponsesurfacemethodologyrsm AT muhammadazeem biotransformationofagriculturalwastesintolovastatinandoptimizationofafermentationprocessusingresponsesurfacemethodologyrsm AT saqibmahmood biotransformationofagriculturalwastesintolovastatinandoptimizationofafermentationprocessusingresponsesurfacemethodologyrsm AT khalidmashayalanazi biotransformationofagriculturalwastesintolovastatinandoptimizationofafermentationprocessusingresponsesurfacemethodologyrsm AT mohammadabulfarah biotransformationofagriculturalwastesintolovastatinandoptimizationofafermentationprocessusingresponsesurfacemethodologyrsm AT sajadali biotransformationofagriculturalwastesintolovastatinandoptimizationofafermentationprocessusingresponsesurfacemethodologyrsm AT baberali biotransformationofagriculturalwastesintolovastatinandoptimizationofafermentationprocessusingresponsesurfacemethodologyrsm |