Biaxial experimental characterizations of soft polymers: A review
Soft polymeric materials such as elastomers and hydrogels have played a significant role in recent interdisciplinary research. They are subjected to large stretch and high cyclic loading-unloading conditions where the typical loading mode is biaxial rather than simple uniaxial loading, thus, necessi...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2023-11-01
|
| Series: | Polymer Testing |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142941823003264 |
| _version_ | 1797648374942400512 |
|---|---|
| author | Ali Esmaeili Deepak George Ian Masters Mokarram Hossain |
| author_facet | Ali Esmaeili Deepak George Ian Masters Mokarram Hossain |
| author_sort | Ali Esmaeili |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Soft polymeric materials such as elastomers and hydrogels have played a significant role in recent interdisciplinary research. They are subjected to large stretch and high cyclic loading-unloading conditions where the typical loading mode is biaxial rather than simple uniaxial loading, thus, necessitating further characterization using biaxial loading conditions and subsequently developing robust and versatile numerical models. Although many standards were prepared for common uniaxial tests in situ elastomers including tensile, shear, and fatigue tests, no specific standardized guidelines were prepared to be employed for the biaxial characterization of elastomers and hydrogels. There existed limited works on the biaxial characterization of soft polymers, thus, making it difficult to identify which configurations and results are more reliable. Hence, there were huge discrepancies in the existing literature for biaxial tests in terms of sample configurations (square or cruciform specimens), dimensions, and test setups including strain rate, pre-loading, equi-biaxial and unequi-biaxial tests. Therefore, this paper is aimed at reviewing the published studies on the biaxial characterization of soft polymers in several aspects including (i) sample configurations in terms of geometry and dimension (ii) biaxiality degree of tested specimens where sample should be optimized to reach proper biaxiality, i.e., larger area with homogenous strain distribution in the middle with respect to the edges, (iii) test procedure for the biaxial characterization including strain amplitude, strain rate and loading patterns (iv) a brief review on inflation test of elastomers which was the most common equi-biaxial test studied in the literature. The largest and smallest cruciform samples with the dimensions of 165 × 165 mm2 and 38 × 38 mm2 were used, respectively, while a small sample of 7 × 7 mm2 and large one of 70 × 70 mm2 were also employed for the square specimen. It was concluded that various test parameters and materials were used for the biaxial characterization. This necessitates the importance of preparing a standardized methodology for the biaxial characterization of elastomers based on intended materials and applications. Hence, a few potential geometries based on the optimization performed in the literature were suggested for future investigations in which numerous examinations using different materials and test parameters shall be conducted to reach an ideal sample configuration and methodology for the biaxial characterization of soft polymeric materials. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T15:31:20Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-8f362aac9ef540f08fe3b5a97603ff1a |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 0142-9418 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T15:31:20Z |
| publishDate | 2023-11-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Polymer Testing |
| spelling | doaj.art-8f362aac9ef540f08fe3b5a97603ff1a2023-10-27T04:23:38ZengElsevierPolymer Testing0142-94182023-11-01128108246Biaxial experimental characterizations of soft polymers: A reviewAli Esmaeili0Deepak George1Ian Masters2Mokarram Hossain3Zienkiewicz Institute for Modelling, Data and AI, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, SA1 8EN, United KingdomZienkiewicz Institute for Modelling, Data and AI, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, SA1 8EN, United KingdomZienkiewicz Institute for Modelling, Data and AI, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, SA1 8EN, United KingdomCorresponding author.; Zienkiewicz Institute for Modelling, Data and AI, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Swansea University, SA1 8EN, United KingdomSoft polymeric materials such as elastomers and hydrogels have played a significant role in recent interdisciplinary research. They are subjected to large stretch and high cyclic loading-unloading conditions where the typical loading mode is biaxial rather than simple uniaxial loading, thus, necessitating further characterization using biaxial loading conditions and subsequently developing robust and versatile numerical models. Although many standards were prepared for common uniaxial tests in situ elastomers including tensile, shear, and fatigue tests, no specific standardized guidelines were prepared to be employed for the biaxial characterization of elastomers and hydrogels. There existed limited works on the biaxial characterization of soft polymers, thus, making it difficult to identify which configurations and results are more reliable. Hence, there were huge discrepancies in the existing literature for biaxial tests in terms of sample configurations (square or cruciform specimens), dimensions, and test setups including strain rate, pre-loading, equi-biaxial and unequi-biaxial tests. Therefore, this paper is aimed at reviewing the published studies on the biaxial characterization of soft polymers in several aspects including (i) sample configurations in terms of geometry and dimension (ii) biaxiality degree of tested specimens where sample should be optimized to reach proper biaxiality, i.e., larger area with homogenous strain distribution in the middle with respect to the edges, (iii) test procedure for the biaxial characterization including strain amplitude, strain rate and loading patterns (iv) a brief review on inflation test of elastomers which was the most common equi-biaxial test studied in the literature. The largest and smallest cruciform samples with the dimensions of 165 × 165 mm2 and 38 × 38 mm2 were used, respectively, while a small sample of 7 × 7 mm2 and large one of 70 × 70 mm2 were also employed for the square specimen. It was concluded that various test parameters and materials were used for the biaxial characterization. This necessitates the importance of preparing a standardized methodology for the biaxial characterization of elastomers based on intended materials and applications. Hence, a few potential geometries based on the optimization performed in the literature were suggested for future investigations in which numerous examinations using different materials and test parameters shall be conducted to reach an ideal sample configuration and methodology for the biaxial characterization of soft polymeric materials.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142941823003264Elastomeric polymersHydrogelsBiaxial testDigital image correlationCruciform geometrySample optimization |
| spellingShingle | Ali Esmaeili Deepak George Ian Masters Mokarram Hossain Biaxial experimental characterizations of soft polymers: A review Polymer Testing Elastomeric polymers Hydrogels Biaxial test Digital image correlation Cruciform geometry Sample optimization |
| title | Biaxial experimental characterizations of soft polymers: A review |
| title_full | Biaxial experimental characterizations of soft polymers: A review |
| title_fullStr | Biaxial experimental characterizations of soft polymers: A review |
| title_full_unstemmed | Biaxial experimental characterizations of soft polymers: A review |
| title_short | Biaxial experimental characterizations of soft polymers: A review |
| title_sort | biaxial experimental characterizations of soft polymers a review |
| topic | Elastomeric polymers Hydrogels Biaxial test Digital image correlation Cruciform geometry Sample optimization |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0142941823003264 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT aliesmaeili biaxialexperimentalcharacterizationsofsoftpolymersareview AT deepakgeorge biaxialexperimentalcharacterizationsofsoftpolymersareview AT ianmasters biaxialexperimentalcharacterizationsofsoftpolymersareview AT mokarramhossain biaxialexperimentalcharacterizationsofsoftpolymersareview |