Modern Imaging Techniques in the Study and Disease Diagnosis of the Mammary Glands of Animals
The study of the structure and function of the animals’ mammary glands is of key importance, as it reveals pathological processes at their onset, thus contributing to their immediate treatment. The most frequently studied mammary diseases are mastitis in cows and ewes and mammary tumours in dogs and...
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2023-01-01
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Series: | Veterinary Sciences |
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Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/10/2/83 |
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author | Mariana S. Barbagianni Pagona G. Gouletsou |
author_facet | Mariana S. Barbagianni Pagona G. Gouletsou |
author_sort | Mariana S. Barbagianni |
collection | DOAJ |
description | The study of the structure and function of the animals’ mammary glands is of key importance, as it reveals pathological processes at their onset, thus contributing to their immediate treatment. The most frequently studied mammary diseases are mastitis in cows and ewes and mammary tumours in dogs and cats. Various imaging techniques such as computed tomography, positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonographic techniques (Doppler, contrast-enchanced, three-dimensional and elastography) are available and can be applied in research or clinical practice in order to evaluate possible abnormalities in mammary glands, as well as to assist in the differential diagnosis. In this review, the above imaging technologies are described, and the perspectives of each method are highlighted. It is inferred that ultrasonographic modalities are the most frequently used imaging techniques for the diagnosis of clinical or subclinical mastitis and treatment guidance on a farm. In companion animals, a combination of imaging techniques should be applied for a more accurate diagnosis of mammary tumours. In any case, the confirmation of the diagnosis is provided by laboratory techniques. |
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institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
issn | 2306-7381 |
language | English |
last_indexed | 2024-03-11T08:01:57Z |
publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
publisher | MDPI AG |
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series | Veterinary Sciences |
spelling | doaj.art-904a69a5574746d08ebdf17e61f7d6162023-11-16T23:45:24ZengMDPI AGVeterinary Sciences2306-73812023-01-011028310.3390/vetsci10020083Modern Imaging Techniques in the Study and Disease Diagnosis of the Mammary Glands of AnimalsMariana S. Barbagianni0Pagona G. Gouletsou1Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, GreeceFaculty of Veterinary Science, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, GreeceThe study of the structure and function of the animals’ mammary glands is of key importance, as it reveals pathological processes at their onset, thus contributing to their immediate treatment. The most frequently studied mammary diseases are mastitis in cows and ewes and mammary tumours in dogs and cats. Various imaging techniques such as computed tomography, positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonographic techniques (Doppler, contrast-enchanced, three-dimensional and elastography) are available and can be applied in research or clinical practice in order to evaluate possible abnormalities in mammary glands, as well as to assist in the differential diagnosis. In this review, the above imaging technologies are described, and the perspectives of each method are highlighted. It is inferred that ultrasonographic modalities are the most frequently used imaging techniques for the diagnosis of clinical or subclinical mastitis and treatment guidance on a farm. In companion animals, a combination of imaging techniques should be applied for a more accurate diagnosis of mammary tumours. In any case, the confirmation of the diagnosis is provided by laboratory techniques.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/10/2/83computed tomographycontrast-enhancedDopplermagnetic resonance imagingmammary glandpositron emission tomography |
spellingShingle | Mariana S. Barbagianni Pagona G. Gouletsou Modern Imaging Techniques in the Study and Disease Diagnosis of the Mammary Glands of Animals Veterinary Sciences computed tomography contrast-enhanced Doppler magnetic resonance imaging mammary gland positron emission tomography |
title | Modern Imaging Techniques in the Study and Disease Diagnosis of the Mammary Glands of Animals |
title_full | Modern Imaging Techniques in the Study and Disease Diagnosis of the Mammary Glands of Animals |
title_fullStr | Modern Imaging Techniques in the Study and Disease Diagnosis of the Mammary Glands of Animals |
title_full_unstemmed | Modern Imaging Techniques in the Study and Disease Diagnosis of the Mammary Glands of Animals |
title_short | Modern Imaging Techniques in the Study and Disease Diagnosis of the Mammary Glands of Animals |
title_sort | modern imaging techniques in the study and disease diagnosis of the mammary glands of animals |
topic | computed tomography contrast-enhanced Doppler magnetic resonance imaging mammary gland positron emission tomography |
url | https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/10/2/83 |
work_keys_str_mv | AT marianasbarbagianni modernimagingtechniquesinthestudyanddiseasediagnosisofthemammaryglandsofanimals AT pagonaggouletsou modernimagingtechniquesinthestudyanddiseasediagnosisofthemammaryglandsofanimals |