Modern Imaging Techniques in the Study and Disease Diagnosis of the Mammary Glands of Animals

The study of the structure and function of the animals’ mammary glands is of key importance, as it reveals pathological processes at their onset, thus contributing to their immediate treatment. The most frequently studied mammary diseases are mastitis in cows and ewes and mammary tumours in dogs and...

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Main Authors: Mariana S. Barbagianni, Pagona G. Gouletsou
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2023-01-01
Series:Veterinary Sciences
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/10/2/83
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author Mariana S. Barbagianni
Pagona G. Gouletsou
author_facet Mariana S. Barbagianni
Pagona G. Gouletsou
author_sort Mariana S. Barbagianni
collection DOAJ
description The study of the structure and function of the animals’ mammary glands is of key importance, as it reveals pathological processes at their onset, thus contributing to their immediate treatment. The most frequently studied mammary diseases are mastitis in cows and ewes and mammary tumours in dogs and cats. Various imaging techniques such as computed tomography, positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonographic techniques (Doppler, contrast-enchanced, three-dimensional and elastography) are available and can be applied in research or clinical practice in order to evaluate possible abnormalities in mammary glands, as well as to assist in the differential diagnosis. In this review, the above imaging technologies are described, and the perspectives of each method are highlighted. It is inferred that ultrasonographic modalities are the most frequently used imaging techniques for the diagnosis of clinical or subclinical mastitis and treatment guidance on a farm. In companion animals, a combination of imaging techniques should be applied for a more accurate diagnosis of mammary tumours. In any case, the confirmation of the diagnosis is provided by laboratory techniques.
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spelling doaj.art-904a69a5574746d08ebdf17e61f7d6162023-11-16T23:45:24ZengMDPI AGVeterinary Sciences2306-73812023-01-011028310.3390/vetsci10020083Modern Imaging Techniques in the Study and Disease Diagnosis of the Mammary Glands of AnimalsMariana S. Barbagianni0Pagona G. Gouletsou1Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, GreeceFaculty of Veterinary Science, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 43100 Karditsa, GreeceThe study of the structure and function of the animals’ mammary glands is of key importance, as it reveals pathological processes at their onset, thus contributing to their immediate treatment. The most frequently studied mammary diseases are mastitis in cows and ewes and mammary tumours in dogs and cats. Various imaging techniques such as computed tomography, positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasonographic techniques (Doppler, contrast-enchanced, three-dimensional and elastography) are available and can be applied in research or clinical practice in order to evaluate possible abnormalities in mammary glands, as well as to assist in the differential diagnosis. In this review, the above imaging technologies are described, and the perspectives of each method are highlighted. It is inferred that ultrasonographic modalities are the most frequently used imaging techniques for the diagnosis of clinical or subclinical mastitis and treatment guidance on a farm. In companion animals, a combination of imaging techniques should be applied for a more accurate diagnosis of mammary tumours. In any case, the confirmation of the diagnosis is provided by laboratory techniques.https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/10/2/83computed tomographycontrast-enhancedDopplermagnetic resonance imagingmammary glandpositron emission tomography
spellingShingle Mariana S. Barbagianni
Pagona G. Gouletsou
Modern Imaging Techniques in the Study and Disease Diagnosis of the Mammary Glands of Animals
Veterinary Sciences
computed tomography
contrast-enhanced
Doppler
magnetic resonance imaging
mammary gland
positron emission tomography
title Modern Imaging Techniques in the Study and Disease Diagnosis of the Mammary Glands of Animals
title_full Modern Imaging Techniques in the Study and Disease Diagnosis of the Mammary Glands of Animals
title_fullStr Modern Imaging Techniques in the Study and Disease Diagnosis of the Mammary Glands of Animals
title_full_unstemmed Modern Imaging Techniques in the Study and Disease Diagnosis of the Mammary Glands of Animals
title_short Modern Imaging Techniques in the Study and Disease Diagnosis of the Mammary Glands of Animals
title_sort modern imaging techniques in the study and disease diagnosis of the mammary glands of animals
topic computed tomography
contrast-enhanced
Doppler
magnetic resonance imaging
mammary gland
positron emission tomography
url https://www.mdpi.com/2306-7381/10/2/83
work_keys_str_mv AT marianasbarbagianni modernimagingtechniquesinthestudyanddiseasediagnosisofthemammaryglandsofanimals
AT pagonaggouletsou modernimagingtechniquesinthestudyanddiseasediagnosisofthemammaryglandsofanimals