Indoxyl-Sulfate-Induced Redox Imbalance in Chronic Kidney Disease
The accumulation of the uremic toxin indoxyl sulfate (IS) induces target organ damage in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, and causes complications including cardiovascular diseases, renal osteodystrophy, muscle wasting, and anemia. IS stimulates reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in CKD,...
Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2021-06-01
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Series: | Antioxidants |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3921/10/6/936 |