Budworm-linked warblers as early indicators of defoliation by spruce budworm: A field study
Outbreaks of eastern spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana; hereafter SBW) are a major natural disturbance in coniferous forests of eastern North America. These outbreaks provide a superabundant source of food for insectivorous birds. Three species, referred to as budworm-linked warblers, exhibit...
Main Authors: | , , , , |
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
Elsevier
2021-06-01
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Series: | Ecological Indicators |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X21002089 |