Involvement of Antioxidant and Prevention of Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Anti-Neuroinflammatory Effect and Anti-Apoptotic Effect: Betaine Ameliorates Haloperidol-Induced Orofacial Dyskinesia in Rats
With its pathophysiological characteristics strongly similar to patients with tardive dyskinesia (TD), haloperidol (HP)-induced neurotoxicity and orofacial dyskinesia (OD) in animal models have long been used to study human TD. This study aimed to explore the potential protective effects of betaine...
Main Authors: | Hsiang-Chien Tseng, Mao-Hsien Wang, Chih-Hsiang Fang, Yi-Wen Lin, Hung-Sheng Soung |
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Format: | Article |
Language: | English |
Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-07-01
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Series: | Brain Sciences |
Subjects: | |
Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3425/13/7/1064 |
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