HPLC-MS/MS Method for the Detection of Selected Toxic Metabolites Produced by <i>Penicillium</i> spp. in Nuts
<i>Penicillium</i> spp. are emerging as producers of mycotoxins and other toxic metabolites in nuts. A HPLC-MS/MS method was developed to detect 19 metabolites produced by <i>Penicillium</i> spp. on chestnuts, hazelnuts, walnuts and almonds. Two extraction methods were develo...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2020-05-01
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| Series: | Toxins |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/5/307 |
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| author | Davide Spadaro Giovanna Roberta Meloni Ilenia Siciliano Simona Prencipe Maria Lodovica Gullino |
| author_facet | Davide Spadaro Giovanna Roberta Meloni Ilenia Siciliano Simona Prencipe Maria Lodovica Gullino |
| author_sort | Davide Spadaro |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Penicillium</i> spp. are emerging as producers of mycotoxins and other toxic metabolites in nuts. A HPLC-MS/MS method was developed to detect 19 metabolites produced by <i>Penicillium</i> spp. on chestnuts, hazelnuts, walnuts and almonds. Two extraction methods were developed, one for chestnuts and one for the other three nuts. The recovery, LOD, LOQ and matrix effect were determined for each analyte and matrix. Correlation coefficients were always >99.99%. In walnuts, a strong signal suppression was observed for most analytes and patulin could not be detected. Six strains: <i>Penicillium bialowiezense</i>, <i>P. brevicompactum</i>, <i>P. crustosum</i>, <i>P. expansum</i>, <i>P. glabrum</i> and <i>P. solitum</i>, isolated from chestnuts, were inoculated on four nuts. Chestnuts favored the production of the largest number of <i>Penicillium</i> toxic metabolites. The method was used for the analysis of 41 commercial samples: 71% showed to be contaminated by <i>Penicillium</i>-toxins. Cyclopenin and cyclopenol were the most frequently detected metabolites, with an incidence of 32% and 68%, respectively. Due to the risk of contamination of nuts with <i>Penicillium</i>-toxins, future studies and legislation should consider a larger number of mycotoxins. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:57:38Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9c36750182fb4270883219aeef13806e |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2072-6651 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T19:57:38Z |
| publishDate | 2020-05-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Toxins |
| spelling | doaj.art-9c36750182fb4270883219aeef13806e2023-11-19T23:49:14ZengMDPI AGToxins2072-66512020-05-0112530710.3390/toxins12050307HPLC-MS/MS Method for the Detection of Selected Toxic Metabolites Produced by <i>Penicillium</i> spp. in NutsDavide Spadaro0Giovanna Roberta Meloni1Ilenia Siciliano2Simona Prencipe3Maria Lodovica Gullino4Centre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), ItalyCentre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), ItalyCentre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), ItalyCentre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), ItalyCentre of Competence for the Innovation in the Agro-Environmental Sector (AGROINNOVA), University of Torino, Largo P. Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy<i>Penicillium</i> spp. are emerging as producers of mycotoxins and other toxic metabolites in nuts. A HPLC-MS/MS method was developed to detect 19 metabolites produced by <i>Penicillium</i> spp. on chestnuts, hazelnuts, walnuts and almonds. Two extraction methods were developed, one for chestnuts and one for the other three nuts. The recovery, LOD, LOQ and matrix effect were determined for each analyte and matrix. Correlation coefficients were always >99.99%. In walnuts, a strong signal suppression was observed for most analytes and patulin could not be detected. Six strains: <i>Penicillium bialowiezense</i>, <i>P. brevicompactum</i>, <i>P. crustosum</i>, <i>P. expansum</i>, <i>P. glabrum</i> and <i>P. solitum</i>, isolated from chestnuts, were inoculated on four nuts. Chestnuts favored the production of the largest number of <i>Penicillium</i> toxic metabolites. The method was used for the analysis of 41 commercial samples: 71% showed to be contaminated by <i>Penicillium</i>-toxins. Cyclopenin and cyclopenol were the most frequently detected metabolites, with an incidence of 32% and 68%, respectively. Due to the risk of contamination of nuts with <i>Penicillium</i>-toxins, future studies and legislation should consider a larger number of mycotoxins.https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/5/307almondchestnuthazelnutmycotoxins<i>Penicillium</i> spp.walnut |
| spellingShingle | Davide Spadaro Giovanna Roberta Meloni Ilenia Siciliano Simona Prencipe Maria Lodovica Gullino HPLC-MS/MS Method for the Detection of Selected Toxic Metabolites Produced by <i>Penicillium</i> spp. in Nuts Toxins almond chestnut hazelnut mycotoxins <i>Penicillium</i> spp. walnut |
| title | HPLC-MS/MS Method for the Detection of Selected Toxic Metabolites Produced by <i>Penicillium</i> spp. in Nuts |
| title_full | HPLC-MS/MS Method for the Detection of Selected Toxic Metabolites Produced by <i>Penicillium</i> spp. in Nuts |
| title_fullStr | HPLC-MS/MS Method for the Detection of Selected Toxic Metabolites Produced by <i>Penicillium</i> spp. in Nuts |
| title_full_unstemmed | HPLC-MS/MS Method for the Detection of Selected Toxic Metabolites Produced by <i>Penicillium</i> spp. in Nuts |
| title_short | HPLC-MS/MS Method for the Detection of Selected Toxic Metabolites Produced by <i>Penicillium</i> spp. in Nuts |
| title_sort | hplc ms ms method for the detection of selected toxic metabolites produced by i penicillium i spp in nuts |
| topic | almond chestnut hazelnut mycotoxins <i>Penicillium</i> spp. walnut |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6651/12/5/307 |
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