Nitrogen Fixation in Cereals
Cereals such as maize, rice, wheat and sorghum are the most important crops for human nutrition. Like other plants, cereals associate with diverse bacteria (including nitrogen-fixing bacteria called diazotrophs) and fungi. As large amounts of chemical fertilizers are used in cereals, it has always b...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2018-08-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Microbiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01794/full |
| _version_ | 1819264131205693440 |
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| author | Mónica Rosenblueth Ernesto Ormeño-Orrillo Aline López-López Marco A. Rogel Blanca Jazmín Reyes-Hernández Julio C. Martínez-Romero Pallavolu M. Reddy Esperanza Martínez-Romero |
| author_facet | Mónica Rosenblueth Ernesto Ormeño-Orrillo Aline López-López Marco A. Rogel Blanca Jazmín Reyes-Hernández Julio C. Martínez-Romero Pallavolu M. Reddy Esperanza Martínez-Romero |
| author_sort | Mónica Rosenblueth |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Cereals such as maize, rice, wheat and sorghum are the most important crops for human nutrition. Like other plants, cereals associate with diverse bacteria (including nitrogen-fixing bacteria called diazotrophs) and fungi. As large amounts of chemical fertilizers are used in cereals, it has always been desirable to promote biological nitrogen fixation in such crops. The quest for nitrogen fixation in cereals started long ago with the isolation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria from different plants. The sources of diazotrophs in cereals may be seeds, soils, and even irrigation water and diazotrophs have been found on roots or as endophytes. Recently, culture-independent molecular approaches have revealed that some rhizobia are found in cereal plants and that bacterial nitrogenase genes are expressed in plants. Since the levels of nitrogen-fixation attained with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in cereals are not high enough to support the plant’s needs and never as good as those obtained with chemical fertilizers or with rhizobium in symbiosis with legumes, it has been the aim of different studies to increase nitrogen-fixation in cereals. In many cases, these efforts have not been successful. However, new diazotroph mutants with enhanced capabilities to excrete ammonium are being successfully used to promote plant growth as commensal bacteria. In addition, there are ambitious projects supported by different funding agencies that are trying to genetically modify maize and other cereals to enhance diazotroph colonization or to fix nitrogen or to form nodules with nitrogen-fixing symbiotic rhizobia. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-23T20:24:36Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9c41e0b185b047ebb42e3fbaf0a1706b |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-302X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-23T20:24:36Z |
| publishDate | 2018-08-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-9c41e0b185b047ebb42e3fbaf0a1706b2022-12-21T17:32:25ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2018-08-01910.3389/fmicb.2018.01794381192Nitrogen Fixation in CerealsMónica Rosenblueth0Ernesto Ormeño-Orrillo1Aline López-López2Marco A. Rogel3Blanca Jazmín Reyes-Hernández4Julio C. Martínez-Romero5Pallavolu M. Reddy6Esperanza Martínez-Romero7Center for Genomic Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, MexicoLaboratorio de Ecología Microbiana y Biotecnología, Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina, Lima, PeruCentro de Investigación en Genética y Ambiente, Universidad Autónoma de Tlaxcala, Tlaxcala, MexicoCenter for Genomic Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, MexicoCenter for Genomic Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, MexicoCenter for Genomic Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, MexicoThe Energy and Resources Institute, India Habitat Centre, New Delhi, IndiaCenter for Genomic Sciences, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, MexicoCereals such as maize, rice, wheat and sorghum are the most important crops for human nutrition. Like other plants, cereals associate with diverse bacteria (including nitrogen-fixing bacteria called diazotrophs) and fungi. As large amounts of chemical fertilizers are used in cereals, it has always been desirable to promote biological nitrogen fixation in such crops. The quest for nitrogen fixation in cereals started long ago with the isolation of nitrogen-fixing bacteria from different plants. The sources of diazotrophs in cereals may be seeds, soils, and even irrigation water and diazotrophs have been found on roots or as endophytes. Recently, culture-independent molecular approaches have revealed that some rhizobia are found in cereal plants and that bacterial nitrogenase genes are expressed in plants. Since the levels of nitrogen-fixation attained with nitrogen-fixing bacteria in cereals are not high enough to support the plant’s needs and never as good as those obtained with chemical fertilizers or with rhizobium in symbiosis with legumes, it has been the aim of different studies to increase nitrogen-fixation in cereals. In many cases, these efforts have not been successful. However, new diazotroph mutants with enhanced capabilities to excrete ammonium are being successfully used to promote plant growth as commensal bacteria. In addition, there are ambitious projects supported by different funding agencies that are trying to genetically modify maize and other cereals to enhance diazotroph colonization or to fix nitrogen or to form nodules with nitrogen-fixing symbiotic rhizobia.https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01794/fullricecornwheatsorghumdiazotrophic bacteriaroot colonization |
| spellingShingle | Mónica Rosenblueth Ernesto Ormeño-Orrillo Aline López-López Marco A. Rogel Blanca Jazmín Reyes-Hernández Julio C. Martínez-Romero Pallavolu M. Reddy Esperanza Martínez-Romero Nitrogen Fixation in Cereals Frontiers in Microbiology rice corn wheat sorghum diazotrophic bacteria root colonization |
| title | Nitrogen Fixation in Cereals |
| title_full | Nitrogen Fixation in Cereals |
| title_fullStr | Nitrogen Fixation in Cereals |
| title_full_unstemmed | Nitrogen Fixation in Cereals |
| title_short | Nitrogen Fixation in Cereals |
| title_sort | nitrogen fixation in cereals |
| topic | rice corn wheat sorghum diazotrophic bacteria root colonization |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fmicb.2018.01794/full |
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