Effects of growth stage on the fermentation quality, microbial community, and metabolomic properties of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) silage
IntroductionThis study aimed to investigate the effects of different growth stages (booting period-SYK; initial flowering-SCK; full flowering-SSK) on the fermentation quality, microbial community, metabolic pathways and metabolomic characteristics of Italian ryegrass silage.MethodsSingle molecule re...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2023-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Microbiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1054612/full |
| _version_ | 1828065279203082240 |
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| author | Zhihui Fu Lin Sun Zhijun Wang Jingyi Liu Meiling Hou Qiang Lu Junfeng Hao Yushan Jia Gentu Ge |
| author_facet | Zhihui Fu Lin Sun Zhijun Wang Jingyi Liu Meiling Hou Qiang Lu Junfeng Hao Yushan Jia Gentu Ge |
| author_sort | Zhihui Fu |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | IntroductionThis study aimed to investigate the effects of different growth stages (booting period-SYK; initial flowering-SCK; full flowering-SSK) on the fermentation quality, microbial community, metabolic pathways and metabolomic characteristics of Italian ryegrass silage.MethodsSingle molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) were used to analyze bacterial communities and metabolites, respectively.ResultsAfter 60 d of fermentation, SYK had the lowest pH and the highest lactic acid content, which were significantly different from the other groups. The bacteria with the highest abundance in SYK, SCK and SSK groups were Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (63.98%), Weissella minor (28.82%) and Levilactobacillus brevis (64.81%), respectively. In addition, among the main differential metabolites in different growth stages, the number of amino acids was the most, and the corresponding metabolic pathways were mainly amino acid metabolic pathways. The biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan was significantly enriched (p<0.01) at booting stage and full flowering stage. Purine metabolism and ABC transporter pathway were significantly enriched at the initial flowering (p<0.001). Lactiplantibacillus plantarum had a negative correlation with xanthine and ganoderic acid F. Weissella minor had a positive correlation with D-Mannose and ganoderic acid F. Levilactobacillus brevis had a positive correlation with xanthine, and Latilactobacillus sakei had a positive correlation with cinnamic acid, D-Mannose, 2-Hydroxycinnamic acid and uridine.DiscussionIn conclusion, this study reveals the interaction mechanisms between ryegrass raw materials at different growth stages and epiphytic microorganisms during ensiling fermentation, providing new ideas for screening functional lactic acid bacteria, and laying a theoretical foundation for the production of safe and high-quality silage. |
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| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-302X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-10T23:12:30Z |
| publishDate | 2023-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-9cccfde4265040eca0df34dc7efb6fe22023-01-13T05:17:59ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2023-01-011310.3389/fmicb.2022.10546121054612Effects of growth stage on the fermentation quality, microbial community, and metabolomic properties of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) silageZhihui Fu0Lin Sun1Zhijun Wang2Jingyi Liu3Meiling Hou4Qiang Lu5Junfeng Hao6Yushan Jia7Gentu Ge8College of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Hohhot, ChinaInner Mongolia Academy of Agricultural & Animal Husbandry Sciences, Hohhot, ChinaCollege of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Hohhot, ChinaCollege of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Hohhot, ChinaCollege of Life Science, Baicheng Normal University, Baicheng, ChinaCollege of Agriculture, Ningxia University, Yinchuan, ChinaCollege of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Hohhot, ChinaCollege of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Hohhot, ChinaCollege of Grassland, Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization of Ministry of Agriculture, and Key Laboratory of Grassland Resources, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Hohhot, ChinaIntroductionThis study aimed to investigate the effects of different growth stages (booting period-SYK; initial flowering-SCK; full flowering-SSK) on the fermentation quality, microbial community, metabolic pathways and metabolomic characteristics of Italian ryegrass silage.MethodsSingle molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) were used to analyze bacterial communities and metabolites, respectively.ResultsAfter 60 d of fermentation, SYK had the lowest pH and the highest lactic acid content, which were significantly different from the other groups. The bacteria with the highest abundance in SYK, SCK and SSK groups were Lactiplantibacillus plantarum (63.98%), Weissella minor (28.82%) and Levilactobacillus brevis (64.81%), respectively. In addition, among the main differential metabolites in different growth stages, the number of amino acids was the most, and the corresponding metabolic pathways were mainly amino acid metabolic pathways. The biosynthesis of phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan was significantly enriched (p<0.01) at booting stage and full flowering stage. Purine metabolism and ABC transporter pathway were significantly enriched at the initial flowering (p<0.001). Lactiplantibacillus plantarum had a negative correlation with xanthine and ganoderic acid F. Weissella minor had a positive correlation with D-Mannose and ganoderic acid F. Levilactobacillus brevis had a positive correlation with xanthine, and Latilactobacillus sakei had a positive correlation with cinnamic acid, D-Mannose, 2-Hydroxycinnamic acid and uridine.DiscussionIn conclusion, this study reveals the interaction mechanisms between ryegrass raw materials at different growth stages and epiphytic microorganisms during ensiling fermentation, providing new ideas for screening functional lactic acid bacteria, and laying a theoretical foundation for the production of safe and high-quality silage.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1054612/fullItalian ryegrass silagebacterial communitymetabolomics profilesSMRTUHPLC–MS/MS |
| spellingShingle | Zhihui Fu Lin Sun Zhijun Wang Jingyi Liu Meiling Hou Qiang Lu Junfeng Hao Yushan Jia Gentu Ge Effects of growth stage on the fermentation quality, microbial community, and metabolomic properties of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) silage Frontiers in Microbiology Italian ryegrass silage bacterial community metabolomics profiles SMRT UHPLC–MS/MS |
| title | Effects of growth stage on the fermentation quality, microbial community, and metabolomic properties of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) silage |
| title_full | Effects of growth stage on the fermentation quality, microbial community, and metabolomic properties of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) silage |
| title_fullStr | Effects of growth stage on the fermentation quality, microbial community, and metabolomic properties of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) silage |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of growth stage on the fermentation quality, microbial community, and metabolomic properties of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) silage |
| title_short | Effects of growth stage on the fermentation quality, microbial community, and metabolomic properties of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) silage |
| title_sort | effects of growth stage on the fermentation quality microbial community and metabolomic properties of italian ryegrass lolium multiflorum lam silage |
| topic | Italian ryegrass silage bacterial community metabolomics profiles SMRT UHPLC–MS/MS |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.1054612/full |
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