Potential Mechanisms of Transmission of Tick-Borne Viruses at the Virus-Tick Interface
Ticks (Acari; Ixodidae) are the second most important vector for transmission of pathogens to humans, livestock, and wildlife. Ticks as vectors for viruses have been reported many times over the last 100 years. Tick-borne viruses (TBVs) belong to two orders (Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales) contain...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2022-05-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Microbiology |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.846884/full |
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| author | Mahvish Maqbool Muhammad Sohail Sajid Muhammad Sohail Sajid Muhammad Saqib Faisal Rasheed Anjum Faisal Rasheed Anjum Muhammad Haleem Tayyab Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan Muhammad Imran Rashid Imaad Rashid Asif Iqbal Rao Muhammad Siddique Asim Shamim Muhammad Adeel Hassan Farhan Ahmad Atif Farhan Ahmad Atif Abdul Razzaq Muhammad Zeeshan Kashif Hussain Rana Hamid Ali Nisar Akasha Tanveer Sahar Younas Kashif Kamran Sajjad ur Rahman |
| author_facet | Mahvish Maqbool Muhammad Sohail Sajid Muhammad Sohail Sajid Muhammad Saqib Faisal Rasheed Anjum Faisal Rasheed Anjum Muhammad Haleem Tayyab Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan Muhammad Imran Rashid Imaad Rashid Asif Iqbal Rao Muhammad Siddique Asim Shamim Muhammad Adeel Hassan Farhan Ahmad Atif Farhan Ahmad Atif Abdul Razzaq Muhammad Zeeshan Kashif Hussain Rana Hamid Ali Nisar Akasha Tanveer Sahar Younas Kashif Kamran Sajjad ur Rahman |
| author_sort | Mahvish Maqbool |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Ticks (Acari; Ixodidae) are the second most important vector for transmission of pathogens to humans, livestock, and wildlife. Ticks as vectors for viruses have been reported many times over the last 100 years. Tick-borne viruses (TBVs) belong to two orders (Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales) containing nine families (Bunyaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Asfarviridae, Orthomyxovirida, Reoviridae, Flaviviridae, Phenuviridae, Nyamiviridae, and Nairoviridae). Among these TBVs, some are very pathogenic, causing huge mortality, and hence, deserve to be covered under the umbrella of one health. About 38 viral species are being transmitted by <10% of the tick species of the families Ixodidae and Argasidae. All TBVs are RNA viruses except for the African swine fever virus from the family Asfarviridae. Tick-borne viral diseases have also been classified as an emerging threat to public health and animals, especially in resource-poor communities of the developing world. Tick-host interaction plays an important role in the successful transmission of pathogens. The ticks' salivary glands are the main cellular machinery involved in the uptake, settlement, and multiplication of viruses, which are required for successful transmission into the final host. Furthermore, tick saliva also participates as an augmenting tool during the physiological process of transmission. Tick saliva is an important key element in the successful transmission of pathogens and contains different antimicrobial proteins, e.g., defensin, serine, proteases, and cement protein, which are key players in tick-virus interaction. While tick-virus interaction is a crucial factor in the propagation of tick-borne viral diseases, other factors (physiological, immunological, and gut flora) are also involved. Some immunological factors, e.g., toll-like receptors, scavenger receptors, Janus-kinase (JAK-STAT) pathway, and immunodeficiency (IMD) pathway are involved in tick-virus interaction by helping in virus assembly and acting to increase transmission. Ticks also harbor some endogenous viruses as internal microbial faunas, which also play a significant role in tick-virus interaction. Studies focusing on tick saliva and its role in pathogen transmission, tick feeding, and control of ticks using functional genomics all point toward solutions to this emerging threat. Information regarding tick-virus interaction is somewhat lacking; however, this information is necessary for a complete understanding of transmission TBVs and their persistence in nature. This review encompasses insight into the ecology and vectorial capacity of tick vectors, as well as our current understanding of the predisposing, enabling, precipitating, and reinforcing factors that influence TBV epidemics. The review explores the cellular, biochemical, and immunological tools which ensure and augment successful evading of the ticks' defense systems and transmission of the viruses to the final hosts at the virus-vector interface. The role of functional genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in profiling tick-virus interaction is also discussed. This review is an initial attempt to comprehensively elaborate on the epidemiological determinants of TBVs with a focus on intra-vector physiological processes involved in the successful execution of the docking, uptake, settlement, replication, and transmission processes of arboviruses. This adds valuable data to the existing bank of knowledge for global stakeholders, policymakers, and the scientific community working to devise appropriate strategies to control ticks and TBVs. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-12T01:15:51Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-9d7ad0ddd0b046da8a64f141a2180480 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-302X |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-12T01:15:51Z |
| publishDate | 2022-05-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Microbiology |
| spelling | doaj.art-9d7ad0ddd0b046da8a64f141a21804802022-12-22T00:43:21ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Microbiology1664-302X2022-05-011310.3389/fmicb.2022.846884846884Potential Mechanisms of Transmission of Tick-Borne Viruses at the Virus-Tick InterfaceMahvish Maqbool0Muhammad Sohail Sajid1Muhammad Sohail Sajid2Muhammad Saqib3Faisal Rasheed Anjum4Faisal Rasheed Anjum5Muhammad Haleem Tayyab6Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan7Muhammad Imran Rashid8Imaad Rashid9Asif Iqbal10Rao Muhammad Siddique11Asim Shamim12Muhammad Adeel Hassan13Farhan Ahmad Atif14Farhan Ahmad Atif15Abdul Razzaq16Muhammad Zeeshan17Kashif Hussain18Rana Hamid Ali Nisar19Akasha Tanveer20Sahar Younas21Kashif Kamran22Sajjad ur Rahman23Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanInstitute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanSection of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, KBCMA College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences Narowal, Lahore, PakistanDepartment of Parasitology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, PakistanDepartment of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanSection of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, Riphah College of Veterinary Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, PakistanSection of Parasitology, Department of Pathobiology, Riphah College of Veterinary Sciences, Riphah International University, Lahore, PakistanDepartment of Pathobiology, University of the Poonch Rawalakot, Rawalakot, PakistanDepartment of Parasitology, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, Pakistan0Medicine Section, Department of Clinical Sciences, Collège of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang, Pakistan1University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan2Agricultural Linkages Program, Pakistan Agriculture Research Council, Islamabad, PakistanDepartment of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanDepartment of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan3Department of Zoology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, PakistanInstitute of Microbiology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, PakistanTicks (Acari; Ixodidae) are the second most important vector for transmission of pathogens to humans, livestock, and wildlife. Ticks as vectors for viruses have been reported many times over the last 100 years. Tick-borne viruses (TBVs) belong to two orders (Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales) containing nine families (Bunyaviridae, Rhabdoviridae, Asfarviridae, Orthomyxovirida, Reoviridae, Flaviviridae, Phenuviridae, Nyamiviridae, and Nairoviridae). Among these TBVs, some are very pathogenic, causing huge mortality, and hence, deserve to be covered under the umbrella of one health. About 38 viral species are being transmitted by <10% of the tick species of the families Ixodidae and Argasidae. All TBVs are RNA viruses except for the African swine fever virus from the family Asfarviridae. Tick-borne viral diseases have also been classified as an emerging threat to public health and animals, especially in resource-poor communities of the developing world. Tick-host interaction plays an important role in the successful transmission of pathogens. The ticks' salivary glands are the main cellular machinery involved in the uptake, settlement, and multiplication of viruses, which are required for successful transmission into the final host. Furthermore, tick saliva also participates as an augmenting tool during the physiological process of transmission. Tick saliva is an important key element in the successful transmission of pathogens and contains different antimicrobial proteins, e.g., defensin, serine, proteases, and cement protein, which are key players in tick-virus interaction. While tick-virus interaction is a crucial factor in the propagation of tick-borne viral diseases, other factors (physiological, immunological, and gut flora) are also involved. Some immunological factors, e.g., toll-like receptors, scavenger receptors, Janus-kinase (JAK-STAT) pathway, and immunodeficiency (IMD) pathway are involved in tick-virus interaction by helping in virus assembly and acting to increase transmission. Ticks also harbor some endogenous viruses as internal microbial faunas, which also play a significant role in tick-virus interaction. Studies focusing on tick saliva and its role in pathogen transmission, tick feeding, and control of ticks using functional genomics all point toward solutions to this emerging threat. Information regarding tick-virus interaction is somewhat lacking; however, this information is necessary for a complete understanding of transmission TBVs and their persistence in nature. This review encompasses insight into the ecology and vectorial capacity of tick vectors, as well as our current understanding of the predisposing, enabling, precipitating, and reinforcing factors that influence TBV epidemics. The review explores the cellular, biochemical, and immunological tools which ensure and augment successful evading of the ticks' defense systems and transmission of the viruses to the final hosts at the virus-vector interface. The role of functional genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics in profiling tick-virus interaction is also discussed. This review is an initial attempt to comprehensively elaborate on the epidemiological determinants of TBVs with a focus on intra-vector physiological processes involved in the successful execution of the docking, uptake, settlement, replication, and transmission processes of arboviruses. This adds valuable data to the existing bank of knowledge for global stakeholders, policymakers, and the scientific community working to devise appropriate strategies to control ticks and TBVs.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.846884/fullticksimmunitytick-virus interactiontick microbessalivary glands |
| spellingShingle | Mahvish Maqbool Muhammad Sohail Sajid Muhammad Sohail Sajid Muhammad Saqib Faisal Rasheed Anjum Faisal Rasheed Anjum Muhammad Haleem Tayyab Hafiz Muhammad Rizwan Muhammad Imran Rashid Imaad Rashid Asif Iqbal Rao Muhammad Siddique Asim Shamim Muhammad Adeel Hassan Farhan Ahmad Atif Farhan Ahmad Atif Abdul Razzaq Muhammad Zeeshan Kashif Hussain Rana Hamid Ali Nisar Akasha Tanveer Sahar Younas Kashif Kamran Sajjad ur Rahman Potential Mechanisms of Transmission of Tick-Borne Viruses at the Virus-Tick Interface Frontiers in Microbiology ticks immunity tick-virus interaction tick microbes salivary glands |
| title | Potential Mechanisms of Transmission of Tick-Borne Viruses at the Virus-Tick Interface |
| title_full | Potential Mechanisms of Transmission of Tick-Borne Viruses at the Virus-Tick Interface |
| title_fullStr | Potential Mechanisms of Transmission of Tick-Borne Viruses at the Virus-Tick Interface |
| title_full_unstemmed | Potential Mechanisms of Transmission of Tick-Borne Viruses at the Virus-Tick Interface |
| title_short | Potential Mechanisms of Transmission of Tick-Borne Viruses at the Virus-Tick Interface |
| title_sort | potential mechanisms of transmission of tick borne viruses at the virus tick interface |
| topic | ticks immunity tick-virus interaction tick microbes salivary glands |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.846884/full |
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