| Summary: | There is ample evidence that specific nutritional strategies can enhance adaptions to resistance and endurance training. However, it is still unclear whether post-session protein supplementation may increase the effects of low-volume high-intensity interval training (LOW-HIIT). We examined the impact of LOW-HIIT combined with protein vs. placebo supplementation on cardiometabolic health indices in sedentary healthy individuals. Forty-seven participants (31.1 ± 8.0 yrs) performed cycle ergometer LOW-HIIT (5–10x1 min at 80–95% maximum heart rate) for eight weeks and randomly received double-blinded 40 g of whey protein (PRO-HIIT, <i>N</i> = 24) or an isocaloric placebo (maltodextrin, PLA-HIIT, <i>N</i> = 23) after each session. The maximum oxygen uptake (VO<sub>2max</sub>, primary outcome) and several secondary cardiometabolic outcomes were determined pre-/post-intervention. VO<sub>2max</sub> increased in PRO-HIIT (+2.8 mL/kg/min, <i>p</i> = 0.003) and PLA-HIIT (+3.5 mL/kg/min, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Systolic and diastolic blood pressure decreased in PRO-HIIT (−7/3 mmHg, <i>p</i> < 0.05) and PLA-HIIT (−8/5 mmHg, <i>p</i> < 0.001). Gamma glutamyl transferase (−2 U/L, <i>p</i> = 0.003) decreased in PRO-HIIT and alanine aminotransferase (−3 U/L, <i>p</i> = 0.014) in PLA-HIIT. There were no significant between-group differences in any of the outcome changes. In conclusion, LOW-HIIT improved VO<sub>2max</sub> and other cardiometabolic markers irrespective of the supplementation condition. Post-session protein supplementation does not seem to provide any additional benefit to LOW-HIIT in improving cardiometabolic health in sedentary healthy individuals.
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