The Association of Economic Growth, Foreign Aid, Foreign Direct Investment and Gross Capital Formation in Indonesia: Evidence from the Toda–Yamamoto Approach
This study examines the direction of causality between Gross Domestic Product, foreign aid, foreign direct investment, and gross capital formation in Indonesia from 1970 to 2019, using the augmented Toda–Yamamoto approach with the Granger causality test. Furthermore, this study achieved the unit roo...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Economies |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-7099/10/4/93 |