Impact and Optimization of the Conditions of Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Olive Leaves (<i>Moroccan picholine</i>) Using Response Surface Methodology
The <i>Moroccan picholine</i> tree’s leaves contain phenolic compounds that benefit human health. However, the amount and type of these compounds can vary based on factors such as the extraction method and conditions. This study aimed to improve phenolic compounds’ extraction while minim...
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MDPI AG
2023-05-01
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| author | El Mustapha El Adnany Najat Elhadiri Ayoub Mourjane Mourad Ouhammou Nadia Hidar Abderrahim Jaouad Khalid Bitar Mostafa Mahrouz |
| author_facet | El Mustapha El Adnany Najat Elhadiri Ayoub Mourjane Mourad Ouhammou Nadia Hidar Abderrahim Jaouad Khalid Bitar Mostafa Mahrouz |
| author_sort | El Mustapha El Adnany |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The <i>Moroccan picholine</i> tree’s leaves contain phenolic compounds that benefit human health. However, the amount and type of these compounds can vary based on factors such as the extraction method and conditions. This study aimed to improve phenolic compounds’ extraction while minimising harmful chemicals’ use. It has been found that using ethanol as a solvent with ultrasonic extraction is the most effective and environmentally friendly technique. Several parameters, such as the extraction time, solid/solvent ratio, and ethanol concentration as independent variables, were evaluated using a surface response method (RSM) based on the Box–Behnken design (BBD) to optimize the extraction conditions. The experimental data were fitted to a second-order polynomial equation using multiple regression analysis and also examined using the appropriate statistical methods. In optimal conditions, the ultrasonic time, the ratio (solvent/solid) and the concentration (ethanol/water), the content of total polyphenols (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), and antioxidant activity (by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) were, respectively, 74.45 ± 1.22 mg EAG/g DM, 17.08 ± 1.85 mg EC/g DM, 83.45 ± 0.89% 82.85 ± 1.52%, and 85.01 ± 2.35%. The identification of phenolic compounds by chromatography coupled with mass spectrum (HPLC-MS) under optimal conditions with two successive extractions showed the presence of hydroxytyrosol, catechin, caffeic acid, vanillin, naringin, oleuropein, quercetin, and kaempferol at high concentrations. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:56:10Z |
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| issn | 2297-8739 |
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| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T01:56:10Z |
| publishDate | 2023-05-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-9fff1ed4e0f246a8ad2b1943f22a48012023-11-18T12:35:59ZengMDPI AGSeparations2297-87392023-05-0110632610.3390/separations10060326Impact and Optimization of the Conditions of Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Olive Leaves (<i>Moroccan picholine</i>) Using Response Surface MethodologyEl Mustapha El Adnany0Najat Elhadiri1Ayoub Mourjane2Mourad Ouhammou3Nadia Hidar4Abderrahim Jaouad5Khalid Bitar6Mostafa Mahrouz7Laboratory of Material Sciences and Process Optimization, Faculty of Sciences Semallaia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, MoroccoLaboratory of Material Sciences and Process Optimization, Faculty of Sciences Semallaia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, MoroccoLaboratory of Bioprocesses and Bio Interfaces, Sciences and Technologies Faculty, University Sultan Moulay Slimane, Beni Mella 23000, MoroccoLaboratory of Material Sciences and Process Optimization, Faculty of Sciences Semallaia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, MoroccoLaboratory of Material Sciences and Process Optimization, Faculty of Sciences Semallaia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, MoroccoLaboratory of Material Sciences and Process Optimization, Faculty of Sciences Semallaia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, MoroccoIRis COSmetologie, ZI Al-Massar, Marrakesh 40000, MoroccoLaboratory of Material Sciences and Process Optimization, Faculty of Sciences Semallaia, Cadi Ayyad University, Marrakesh 40000, MoroccoThe <i>Moroccan picholine</i> tree’s leaves contain phenolic compounds that benefit human health. However, the amount and type of these compounds can vary based on factors such as the extraction method and conditions. This study aimed to improve phenolic compounds’ extraction while minimising harmful chemicals’ use. It has been found that using ethanol as a solvent with ultrasonic extraction is the most effective and environmentally friendly technique. Several parameters, such as the extraction time, solid/solvent ratio, and ethanol concentration as independent variables, were evaluated using a surface response method (RSM) based on the Box–Behnken design (BBD) to optimize the extraction conditions. The experimental data were fitted to a second-order polynomial equation using multiple regression analysis and also examined using the appropriate statistical methods. In optimal conditions, the ultrasonic time, the ratio (solvent/solid) and the concentration (ethanol/water), the content of total polyphenols (TPC), total flavonoids (TFC), and antioxidant activity (by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP) were, respectively, 74.45 ± 1.22 mg EAG/g DM, 17.08 ± 1.85 mg EC/g DM, 83.45 ± 0.89% 82.85 ± 1.52%, and 85.01 ± 2.35%. The identification of phenolic compounds by chromatography coupled with mass spectrum (HPLC-MS) under optimal conditions with two successive extractions showed the presence of hydroxytyrosol, catechin, caffeic acid, vanillin, naringin, oleuropein, quercetin, and kaempferol at high concentrations.https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/10/6/326olive leavesextractionoptimizationultrasoundpolyphenolsflavonoids |
| spellingShingle | El Mustapha El Adnany Najat Elhadiri Ayoub Mourjane Mourad Ouhammou Nadia Hidar Abderrahim Jaouad Khalid Bitar Mostafa Mahrouz Impact and Optimization of the Conditions of Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Olive Leaves (<i>Moroccan picholine</i>) Using Response Surface Methodology Separations olive leaves extraction optimization ultrasound polyphenols flavonoids |
| title | Impact and Optimization of the Conditions of Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Olive Leaves (<i>Moroccan picholine</i>) Using Response Surface Methodology |
| title_full | Impact and Optimization of the Conditions of Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Olive Leaves (<i>Moroccan picholine</i>) Using Response Surface Methodology |
| title_fullStr | Impact and Optimization of the Conditions of Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Olive Leaves (<i>Moroccan picholine</i>) Using Response Surface Methodology |
| title_full_unstemmed | Impact and Optimization of the Conditions of Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Olive Leaves (<i>Moroccan picholine</i>) Using Response Surface Methodology |
| title_short | Impact and Optimization of the Conditions of Extraction of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity of Olive Leaves (<i>Moroccan picholine</i>) Using Response Surface Methodology |
| title_sort | impact and optimization of the conditions of extraction of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of olive leaves i moroccan picholine i using response surface methodology |
| topic | olive leaves extraction optimization ultrasound polyphenols flavonoids |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/10/6/326 |
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