City Bus Powertrain Comparison: Driving Cycle Variation and Passenger Load Sensitivity Analysis
Alternative powertrains are rapidly increasing in popularity in city buses. Hence, it is vitally important to understand the factors affecting the performance of the powertrains in order to operate them on appropriate routes and as efficiently as possible. To that end, this paper presents an exhaust...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2018-07-01
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| Series: | Energies |
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| Online Access: | http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/7/1755 |
| _version_ | 1828115367968374784 |
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| author | Klaus Kivekäs Antti Lajunen Jari Vepsäläinen Kari Tammi |
| author_facet | Klaus Kivekäs Antti Lajunen Jari Vepsäläinen Kari Tammi |
| author_sort | Klaus Kivekäs |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Alternative powertrains are rapidly increasing in popularity in city buses. Hence, it is vitally important to understand the factors affecting the performance of the powertrains in order to operate them on appropriate routes and as efficiently as possible. To that end, this paper presents an exhaustive driving cycle and passenger load sensitivity analysis for the most common city bus powertrain topologies. Three-thousand synthetic cycles were generated for a typical suburban bus route based on measured cycles and passenger numbers from the route. The cycles were simulated with six bus models: compressed natural gas, diesel, parallel hybrid, series hybrid, hydrogen fuel cell hybrid, and battery electric bus. Twenty reference cycles featuring various types of routes were simulated for comparison. Correlations between energy consumption and the various driving cycle parameters and passenger loads were examined. Further analysis was conducted with variance decomposition. Aggressiveness and stop frequency had the highest correlation with the consumption. The diesel bus was the most sensitive to aggressiveness. The parallel hybrid had a lower statistical dispersion of consumption than the series hybrid on the suburban route. On the varied routes, the opposite was true. The performance of the parallel hybrid powertrain deteriorated significantly on cycles with high aggressiveness and stop frequency. In general, the high correlation between aggressiveness and energy consumption implies that particular attention must be paid to limiting high-speed accelerations of city buses. |
| first_indexed | 2024-04-11T12:39:05Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a0ba75eec77947648875a0db8c9b7b90 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-04-11T12:39:05Z |
| publishDate | 2018-07-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj.art-a0ba75eec77947648875a0db8c9b7b902022-12-22T04:23:33ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732018-07-01117175510.3390/en11071755en11071755City Bus Powertrain Comparison: Driving Cycle Variation and Passenger Load Sensitivity AnalysisKlaus Kivekäs0Antti Lajunen1Jari Vepsäläinen2Kari Tammi3Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja 5, 02150 Espoo, FinlandDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja 5, 02150 Espoo, FinlandDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja 5, 02150 Espoo, FinlandDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Puumiehenkuja 5, 02150 Espoo, FinlandAlternative powertrains are rapidly increasing in popularity in city buses. Hence, it is vitally important to understand the factors affecting the performance of the powertrains in order to operate them on appropriate routes and as efficiently as possible. To that end, this paper presents an exhaustive driving cycle and passenger load sensitivity analysis for the most common city bus powertrain topologies. Three-thousand synthetic cycles were generated for a typical suburban bus route based on measured cycles and passenger numbers from the route. The cycles were simulated with six bus models: compressed natural gas, diesel, parallel hybrid, series hybrid, hydrogen fuel cell hybrid, and battery electric bus. Twenty reference cycles featuring various types of routes were simulated for comparison. Correlations between energy consumption and the various driving cycle parameters and passenger loads were examined. Further analysis was conducted with variance decomposition. Aggressiveness and stop frequency had the highest correlation with the consumption. The diesel bus was the most sensitive to aggressiveness. The parallel hybrid had a lower statistical dispersion of consumption than the series hybrid on the suburban route. On the varied routes, the opposite was true. The performance of the parallel hybrid powertrain deteriorated significantly on cycles with high aggressiveness and stop frequency. In general, the high correlation between aggressiveness and energy consumption implies that particular attention must be paid to limiting high-speed accelerations of city buses.http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/7/1755city buspowertraindriving cyclepassenger loadenergy consumption |
| spellingShingle | Klaus Kivekäs Antti Lajunen Jari Vepsäläinen Kari Tammi City Bus Powertrain Comparison: Driving Cycle Variation and Passenger Load Sensitivity Analysis Energies city bus powertrain driving cycle passenger load energy consumption |
| title | City Bus Powertrain Comparison: Driving Cycle Variation and Passenger Load Sensitivity Analysis |
| title_full | City Bus Powertrain Comparison: Driving Cycle Variation and Passenger Load Sensitivity Analysis |
| title_fullStr | City Bus Powertrain Comparison: Driving Cycle Variation and Passenger Load Sensitivity Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | City Bus Powertrain Comparison: Driving Cycle Variation and Passenger Load Sensitivity Analysis |
| title_short | City Bus Powertrain Comparison: Driving Cycle Variation and Passenger Load Sensitivity Analysis |
| title_sort | city bus powertrain comparison driving cycle variation and passenger load sensitivity analysis |
| topic | city bus powertrain driving cycle passenger load energy consumption |
| url | http://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/11/7/1755 |
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