Enzymatic, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Bioactive Compounds from Avocado (<i>Persea americana</i> L.) Seeds
The aim of this research was to identify and quantify biologically active compounds from avocado (<i>Persea americana</i> L.) seeds (AS) utilizing different techniques with the use of ultrasound (US), ethanol (EtOH), and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO<sub>2</sub>) for pos...
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MDPI AG
2023-03-01
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| Series: | Plants |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/5/1201 |
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| author | Kaja Kupnik Mateja Primožič Vanja Kokol Željko Knez Maja Leitgeb |
| author_facet | Kaja Kupnik Mateja Primožič Vanja Kokol Željko Knez Maja Leitgeb |
| author_sort | Kaja Kupnik |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | The aim of this research was to identify and quantify biologically active compounds from avocado (<i>Persea americana</i> L.) seeds (AS) utilizing different techniques with the use of ultrasound (US), ethanol (EtOH), and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO<sub>2</sub>) for possible applications in (bio)medicine, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, or other relevant industries. Initially, a study of the process efficiency (<i>η</i>) was carried out, which revealed yields in the range of 2.96–12.11 wt%. The sample obtained using scCO<sub>2</sub> was found to be the richest in total phenols (TPC) and total proteins (PC), while the sample obtained with the use of EtOH resulted in the highest content of proanthocyanidins (PAC). Phytochemical screening of AS samples, quantified by the HPLC method, indicated the presence of 14 specific phenolic compounds. In addition, the activity of the selected enzymes (cellulase, lipase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, protease, transglutaminase, and superoxide dismutase) was quantified for the first time in the samples from AS. Using DPPH radical scavenging activity, the highest antioxidant potential (67.49%) was detected in the sample obtained with EtOH. The antimicrobial activity was studied using disc diffusion method against 15 microorganisms. Additionally, for the first time, the antimicrobial effectiveness of AS extract was quantified by determination of microbial growth-inhibition rates (MGIRs) at different concentrations of AS extract against three strains of Gram-negative (<i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i>) bacteria, three strains of Gram-positive (<i>Bacillus cereus</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, and <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>) bacteria, and fungi (<i>Candida albicans</i>). MGIRs and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC<sub>90</sub>) values were determined after 8 and 24 h of incubation, thus enabling the screening of antimicrobial efficacy for possible further applications of AS extracts as antimicrobial agents in (bio)medicine, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, or other industries. For example, the lowest MIC<sub>90</sub> value was determined for <i>B. cereus</i> after 8 h of incubation in the case of UE and SFE extracts (70 μg/mL), indicating an outstanding result and the potential of AS extracts, as the MIC values for <i>B. cereus</i> have not been investigated so far. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:13:50Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a0f939df6617416f9a6869ab2298862a |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-11T07:13:50Z |
| publishDate | 2023-03-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-a0f939df6617416f9a6869ab2298862a2023-11-17T08:25:32ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472023-03-01125120110.3390/plants12051201Enzymatic, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Bioactive Compounds from Avocado (<i>Persea americana</i> L.) SeedsKaja Kupnik0Mateja Primožič1Vanja Kokol2Željko Knez3Maja Leitgeb4Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, SloveniaFaculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, SloveniaFaculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, SloveniaFaculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, SloveniaFaculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, SloveniaThe aim of this research was to identify and quantify biologically active compounds from avocado (<i>Persea americana</i> L.) seeds (AS) utilizing different techniques with the use of ultrasound (US), ethanol (EtOH), and supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO<sub>2</sub>) for possible applications in (bio)medicine, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, or other relevant industries. Initially, a study of the process efficiency (<i>η</i>) was carried out, which revealed yields in the range of 2.96–12.11 wt%. The sample obtained using scCO<sub>2</sub> was found to be the richest in total phenols (TPC) and total proteins (PC), while the sample obtained with the use of EtOH resulted in the highest content of proanthocyanidins (PAC). Phytochemical screening of AS samples, quantified by the HPLC method, indicated the presence of 14 specific phenolic compounds. In addition, the activity of the selected enzymes (cellulase, lipase, peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, protease, transglutaminase, and superoxide dismutase) was quantified for the first time in the samples from AS. Using DPPH radical scavenging activity, the highest antioxidant potential (67.49%) was detected in the sample obtained with EtOH. The antimicrobial activity was studied using disc diffusion method against 15 microorganisms. Additionally, for the first time, the antimicrobial effectiveness of AS extract was quantified by determination of microbial growth-inhibition rates (MGIRs) at different concentrations of AS extract against three strains of Gram-negative (<i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas fluorescens</i>) bacteria, three strains of Gram-positive (<i>Bacillus cereus</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, and <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i>) bacteria, and fungi (<i>Candida albicans</i>). MGIRs and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC<sub>90</sub>) values were determined after 8 and 24 h of incubation, thus enabling the screening of antimicrobial efficacy for possible further applications of AS extracts as antimicrobial agents in (bio)medicine, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, or other industries. For example, the lowest MIC<sub>90</sub> value was determined for <i>B. cereus</i> after 8 h of incubation in the case of UE and SFE extracts (70 μg/mL), indicating an outstanding result and the potential of AS extracts, as the MIC values for <i>B. cereus</i> have not been investigated so far.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/5/1201avocado seed<i>Persea americana</i>HPLCphenolic compoundsenzymatic activityphytochemistry |
| spellingShingle | Kaja Kupnik Mateja Primožič Vanja Kokol Željko Knez Maja Leitgeb Enzymatic, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Bioactive Compounds from Avocado (<i>Persea americana</i> L.) Seeds Plants avocado seed <i>Persea americana</i> HPLC phenolic compounds enzymatic activity phytochemistry |
| title | Enzymatic, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Bioactive Compounds from Avocado (<i>Persea americana</i> L.) Seeds |
| title_full | Enzymatic, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Bioactive Compounds from Avocado (<i>Persea americana</i> L.) Seeds |
| title_fullStr | Enzymatic, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Bioactive Compounds from Avocado (<i>Persea americana</i> L.) Seeds |
| title_full_unstemmed | Enzymatic, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Bioactive Compounds from Avocado (<i>Persea americana</i> L.) Seeds |
| title_short | Enzymatic, Antioxidant, and Antimicrobial Activities of Bioactive Compounds from Avocado (<i>Persea americana</i> L.) Seeds |
| title_sort | enzymatic antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of bioactive compounds from avocado i persea americana i l seeds |
| topic | avocado seed <i>Persea americana</i> HPLC phenolic compounds enzymatic activity phytochemistry |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/12/5/1201 |
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