The Senescence Markers p16INK4A, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 in Organ Development and Homeostasis
It is widely accepted that senescent cells accumulate with aging. They are characterized by replicative arrest and the release of a myriad of factors commonly called the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Despite the replicative cell cycle arrest, these cells are metabolically active and fun...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-06-01
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| Series: | Cells |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/12/1966 |
| _version_ | 1797488933911658496 |
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| author | Kay-Dietrich Wagner Nicole Wagner |
| author_facet | Kay-Dietrich Wagner Nicole Wagner |
| author_sort | Kay-Dietrich Wagner |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | It is widely accepted that senescent cells accumulate with aging. They are characterized by replicative arrest and the release of a myriad of factors commonly called the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Despite the replicative cell cycle arrest, these cells are metabolically active and functional. The release of SASP factors is mostly thought to cause tissue dysfunction and to induce senescence in surrounding cells. As major markers for aging and senescence, p16INK4, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 are established. Importantly, senescence is also implicated in development, cancer, and tissue homeostasis. While many markers of senescence have been identified, none are able to unambiguously identify all senescent cells. However, increased levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p16INK4A and p21 are often used to identify cells with senescence-associated phenotypes. We review here the knowledge of senescence, p16INK4A, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 in embryonic and postnatal development and potential functions in pathophysiology and homeostasis. The establishment of senolytic therapies with the ultimate goal to improve healthy aging requires care and detailed knowledge about the involvement of senescence and senescence-associated proteins in developmental processes and homeostatic mechanism. The review contributes to these topics, summarizes open questions, and provides some directions for future research. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:09:22Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a32db0a28fab4333b2df33b14a5c0b38 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2073-4409 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T00:09:22Z |
| publishDate | 2022-06-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Cells |
| spelling | doaj.art-a32db0a28fab4333b2df33b14a5c0b382023-11-23T16:02:19ZengMDPI AGCells2073-44092022-06-011112196610.3390/cells11121966The Senescence Markers p16INK4A, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 in Organ Development and HomeostasisKay-Dietrich Wagner0Nicole Wagner1CNRS, INSERM, iBV, Université Côte d’Azur, 06107 Nice, FranceCNRS, INSERM, iBV, Université Côte d’Azur, 06107 Nice, FranceIt is widely accepted that senescent cells accumulate with aging. They are characterized by replicative arrest and the release of a myriad of factors commonly called the senescence-associated secretory phenotype. Despite the replicative cell cycle arrest, these cells are metabolically active and functional. The release of SASP factors is mostly thought to cause tissue dysfunction and to induce senescence in surrounding cells. As major markers for aging and senescence, p16INK4, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 are established. Importantly, senescence is also implicated in development, cancer, and tissue homeostasis. While many markers of senescence have been identified, none are able to unambiguously identify all senescent cells. However, increased levels of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p16INK4A and p21 are often used to identify cells with senescence-associated phenotypes. We review here the knowledge of senescence, p16INK4A, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 in embryonic and postnatal development and potential functions in pathophysiology and homeostasis. The establishment of senolytic therapies with the ultimate goal to improve healthy aging requires care and detailed knowledge about the involvement of senescence and senescence-associated proteins in developmental processes and homeostatic mechanism. The review contributes to these topics, summarizes open questions, and provides some directions for future research.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/12/1966developmentagingendothelial cellssenescenceSASPmetabolic function |
| spellingShingle | Kay-Dietrich Wagner Nicole Wagner The Senescence Markers p16INK4A, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 in Organ Development and Homeostasis Cells development aging endothelial cells senescence SASP metabolic function |
| title | The Senescence Markers p16INK4A, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 in Organ Development and Homeostasis |
| title_full | The Senescence Markers p16INK4A, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 in Organ Development and Homeostasis |
| title_fullStr | The Senescence Markers p16INK4A, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 in Organ Development and Homeostasis |
| title_full_unstemmed | The Senescence Markers p16INK4A, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 in Organ Development and Homeostasis |
| title_short | The Senescence Markers p16INK4A, p14ARF/p19ARF, and p21 in Organ Development and Homeostasis |
| title_sort | senescence markers p16ink4a p14arf p19arf and p21 in organ development and homeostasis |
| topic | development aging endothelial cells senescence SASP metabolic function |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4409/11/12/1966 |
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