<i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>-Induced Biochemical Transformation during Fermentation of Underutilized <i>Solenostemon monostachyus</i> Leaves
<i>Solenostemon monostachyus</i> is an underutilized plant that is yet to be explored for consumption. This study assessed the biochemical impacts of a probiotic <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> as an agent of fermentation, promoting the edible properties of the leaves from <i...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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MDPI AG
2022-12-01
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| Series: | Fermentation |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/9/1/33 |
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| author | Israel Sunmola Afolabi Eze Frank Ahuekwe Precious Amaneshi Garuba Aderinsola Jumai Adigun Oluwatofunmi E. Odutayo Alaba Oladipupo Adeyemi |
| author_facet | Israel Sunmola Afolabi Eze Frank Ahuekwe Precious Amaneshi Garuba Aderinsola Jumai Adigun Oluwatofunmi E. Odutayo Alaba Oladipupo Adeyemi |
| author_sort | Israel Sunmola Afolabi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <i>Solenostemon monostachyus</i> is an underutilized plant that is yet to be explored for consumption. This study assessed the biochemical impacts of a probiotic <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> as an agent of fermentation, promoting the edible properties of the leaves from <i>S. monostachyus</i> using either an unfermented water leaf or <i>S. monostachyus</i>. The results with <i>p</i> < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The α-amylase activity, proteins, carbohydrates, and ash, iron, and copper contents significantly increased (<i>p</i> < 0.05), while fats, crude fiber, cadmium, and manganese contents of the fermented <i>S. monostachyus</i> leaves were significantly reduced (<i>p</i> < 0.05), compared to the control (unfermented water leaves). The total phenol and saponin contents of the leaves were 1.98 ± 0.03 and 2.77 ± 0.04 mg GAE/mL for the <i>S. monostachyus</i>, 2.20 ± 0.01 and 2.39 ± 0.51 mgGAE/mL for water leaf, respectively on Day 5. Spirostanol (20.7343 mg/10 g) and two possible yet-to-be-identified saponin compounds P-S1 (33.5773 mg/10 g) and P-S2 (23.5718 mg/10 g) were newly synthesized along with one possible novel volatile compound by the fermentation process. Furostanol (19.873–29.420), gallic acid (88.111–98.949 mg/10 g), luteolin (0.954–11.712 mg/10 g) were retained, and aescin (69.510 mg/10 g) was completely consumed by the fermentation process. <i>E. faecalis</i> derived some micronutrients to drive the α-amylase catalyzed biotransformation of phytochemicals to improve the health benefits in the leafy vegetable. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:48:15Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-a76a687f529441d79abc978727aea853 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2311-5637 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T12:48:15Z |
| publishDate | 2022-12-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Fermentation |
| spelling | doaj.art-a76a687f529441d79abc978727aea8532023-11-30T22:10:32ZengMDPI AGFermentation2311-56372022-12-01913310.3390/fermentation9010033<i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>-Induced Biochemical Transformation during Fermentation of Underutilized <i>Solenostemon monostachyus</i> LeavesIsrael Sunmola Afolabi0Eze Frank Ahuekwe1Precious Amaneshi Garuba2Aderinsola Jumai Adigun3Oluwatofunmi E. Odutayo4Alaba Oladipupo Adeyemi5Biochemistry Department, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Canaanland, Ota 112233, Ogun State, NigeriaBiological Sciences Department, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Canaanland, Ota 112233, Ogun State, NigeriaBiochemistry Department, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Canaanland, Ota 112233, Ogun State, NigeriaBiochemistry Department, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Canaanland, Ota 112233, Ogun State, NigeriaBiochemistry Department, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Canaanland, Ota 112233, Ogun State, NigeriaBiochemistry Department, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Canaanland, Ota 112233, Ogun State, Nigeria<i>Solenostemon monostachyus</i> is an underutilized plant that is yet to be explored for consumption. This study assessed the biochemical impacts of a probiotic <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> as an agent of fermentation, promoting the edible properties of the leaves from <i>S. monostachyus</i> using either an unfermented water leaf or <i>S. monostachyus</i>. The results with <i>p</i> < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The α-amylase activity, proteins, carbohydrates, and ash, iron, and copper contents significantly increased (<i>p</i> < 0.05), while fats, crude fiber, cadmium, and manganese contents of the fermented <i>S. monostachyus</i> leaves were significantly reduced (<i>p</i> < 0.05), compared to the control (unfermented water leaves). The total phenol and saponin contents of the leaves were 1.98 ± 0.03 and 2.77 ± 0.04 mg GAE/mL for the <i>S. monostachyus</i>, 2.20 ± 0.01 and 2.39 ± 0.51 mgGAE/mL for water leaf, respectively on Day 5. Spirostanol (20.7343 mg/10 g) and two possible yet-to-be-identified saponin compounds P-S1 (33.5773 mg/10 g) and P-S2 (23.5718 mg/10 g) were newly synthesized along with one possible novel volatile compound by the fermentation process. Furostanol (19.873–29.420), gallic acid (88.111–98.949 mg/10 g), luteolin (0.954–11.712 mg/10 g) were retained, and aescin (69.510 mg/10 g) was completely consumed by the fermentation process. <i>E. faecalis</i> derived some micronutrients to drive the α-amylase catalyzed biotransformation of phytochemicals to improve the health benefits in the leafy vegetable.https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/9/1/33biotransformationfermentationvegetableunderutilizedbioactivenutrients |
| spellingShingle | Israel Sunmola Afolabi Eze Frank Ahuekwe Precious Amaneshi Garuba Aderinsola Jumai Adigun Oluwatofunmi E. Odutayo Alaba Oladipupo Adeyemi <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>-Induced Biochemical Transformation during Fermentation of Underutilized <i>Solenostemon monostachyus</i> Leaves Fermentation biotransformation fermentation vegetable underutilized bioactive nutrients |
| title | <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>-Induced Biochemical Transformation during Fermentation of Underutilized <i>Solenostemon monostachyus</i> Leaves |
| title_full | <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>-Induced Biochemical Transformation during Fermentation of Underutilized <i>Solenostemon monostachyus</i> Leaves |
| title_fullStr | <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>-Induced Biochemical Transformation during Fermentation of Underutilized <i>Solenostemon monostachyus</i> Leaves |
| title_full_unstemmed | <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>-Induced Biochemical Transformation during Fermentation of Underutilized <i>Solenostemon monostachyus</i> Leaves |
| title_short | <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>-Induced Biochemical Transformation during Fermentation of Underutilized <i>Solenostemon monostachyus</i> Leaves |
| title_sort | i enterococcus faecalis i induced biochemical transformation during fermentation of underutilized i solenostemon monostachyus i leaves |
| topic | biotransformation fermentation vegetable underutilized bioactive nutrients |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2311-5637/9/1/33 |
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