Influence of Physicochemical Characteristics of Bean Crop Soil in <i>Trichoderma</i> spp. Development
Spain has ranked 6th on the harvested bean area and 8th in bean production in the European Union (EU). The soils of this area have mixed silt loam and sandy loam texture, with moderate clay content, neutral or acidic pH, rich in organic matter and low carbonate levels, providing beans with high wate...
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MDPI AG
2021-02-01
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| Series: | Agronomy |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/2/274 |
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| author | Sara Mayo-Prieto Alejandra J. Porteous-Álvarez Sergio Mezquita-García Álvaro Rodríguez-González Guzmán Carro-Huerga Sara del Ser-Herrero Santiago Gutiérrez Pedro A. Casquero |
| author_facet | Sara Mayo-Prieto Alejandra J. Porteous-Álvarez Sergio Mezquita-García Álvaro Rodríguez-González Guzmán Carro-Huerga Sara del Ser-Herrero Santiago Gutiérrez Pedro A. Casquero |
| author_sort | Sara Mayo-Prieto |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Spain has ranked 6th on the harvested bean area and 8th in bean production in the European Union (EU). The soils of this area have mixed silt loam and sandy loam texture, with moderate clay content, neutral or acidic pH, rich in organic matter and low carbonate levels, providing beans with high water absorption capacity and better organoleptic qualities after cooking. Similar to other crops, it is attacked by some phytopathogens. Hitherto, chemical methods have been used to control these organisms. However, with the Reform of the Community Agrarian Policy in the EU, the number of authorized plant protection products has been reduced to prevail food security, as well as to be sustainable in the long term, giving priority to the non-chemical methods that use biological agents, such as <i>Trichoderma</i>. This study aimed to investigate the relative importance of various crop soil parameters in the adaptation of <i>Trichoderma</i> spp. autoclaved soils (AS) and natural soils (NS) from the Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) “Alubia La Bañeza—León” that were inoculated with <i>Trichoderma velutinum</i> T029 and <i>T. harzianum</i> T059 and incubated in a culture chamber at 25 °C for 15 days. Their development was determined by quantitative PCR. Twelve soil samples were selected and analyzed from the productive zones of Astorga, La Bañeza, La Cabrera, Esla-Campos and Páramo. Their physicochemical characteristics were different by zone, as the texture of soils ranged between sandy loam and silt loam and the pH between strongly acid and slightly alkaline, as well as the organic matter (OM) concentration between low and remarkably high. Total C and N concentrations and their ratio were between medium and high in most of the soils and the rest of the micronutrients had an acceptable concentration except for Paramo’s soil. Both <i>Trichoderma</i> species developed better in AS than in NS, <i>T. velutinum</i> T029 grew better with high levels of OM, total C, ratio C:N, P, K, Fe, and Zn than <i>T. harzianum</i> T059 in clay soils, with the highest values of cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, Ca, Mg and Mn. These effects were validated by Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), texture, particularly clay concentration, OM, electrical conductivity (EC), and pH (physical parameters) and B and Cu (soil elements) are the main factors explaining the influence in the <i>Trichoderma</i> development. OM, EC, C:N ratio and Cu are the main soil characteristics that influence in <i>T. velutinum</i> T029 development and pH in the development of <i>T. harzianum</i> T059. |
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| publishDate | 2021-02-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-aa9809c45dc84431b1e606da64fc5adb2023-12-03T12:00:12ZengMDPI AGAgronomy2073-43952021-02-0111227410.3390/agronomy11020274Influence of Physicochemical Characteristics of Bean Crop Soil in <i>Trichoderma</i> spp. DevelopmentSara Mayo-Prieto0Alejandra J. Porteous-Álvarez1Sergio Mezquita-García2Álvaro Rodríguez-González3Guzmán Carro-Huerga4Sara del Ser-Herrero5Santiago Gutiérrez6Pedro A. Casquero7Grupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad, Universidad de León, Avenida Portugal 41, 24071 León, SpainGrupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad, Universidad de León, Avenida Portugal 41, 24071 León, SpainDepartment of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28007 Madrid, SpainGrupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad, Universidad de León, Avenida Portugal 41, 24071 León, SpainGrupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad, Universidad de León, Avenida Portugal 41, 24071 León, SpainGrupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad, Universidad de León, Avenida Portugal 41, 24071 León, SpainGrupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Área de Microbiología, Escuela de Ingeniería Agraria y Forestal, Universidad de León, Campus de Ponferrada, Avenida Astorga s/n, 24400 Ponferrada, SpainGrupo Universitario de Investigación en Ingeniería y Agricultura Sostenible (GUIIAS), Instituto de Medio Ambiente, Recursos Naturales y Biodiversidad, Universidad de León, Avenida Portugal 41, 24071 León, SpainSpain has ranked 6th on the harvested bean area and 8th in bean production in the European Union (EU). The soils of this area have mixed silt loam and sandy loam texture, with moderate clay content, neutral or acidic pH, rich in organic matter and low carbonate levels, providing beans with high water absorption capacity and better organoleptic qualities after cooking. Similar to other crops, it is attacked by some phytopathogens. Hitherto, chemical methods have been used to control these organisms. However, with the Reform of the Community Agrarian Policy in the EU, the number of authorized plant protection products has been reduced to prevail food security, as well as to be sustainable in the long term, giving priority to the non-chemical methods that use biological agents, such as <i>Trichoderma</i>. This study aimed to investigate the relative importance of various crop soil parameters in the adaptation of <i>Trichoderma</i> spp. autoclaved soils (AS) and natural soils (NS) from the Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) “Alubia La Bañeza—León” that were inoculated with <i>Trichoderma velutinum</i> T029 and <i>T. harzianum</i> T059 and incubated in a culture chamber at 25 °C for 15 days. Their development was determined by quantitative PCR. Twelve soil samples were selected and analyzed from the productive zones of Astorga, La Bañeza, La Cabrera, Esla-Campos and Páramo. Their physicochemical characteristics were different by zone, as the texture of soils ranged between sandy loam and silt loam and the pH between strongly acid and slightly alkaline, as well as the organic matter (OM) concentration between low and remarkably high. Total C and N concentrations and their ratio were between medium and high in most of the soils and the rest of the micronutrients had an acceptable concentration except for Paramo’s soil. Both <i>Trichoderma</i> species developed better in AS than in NS, <i>T. velutinum</i> T029 grew better with high levels of OM, total C, ratio C:N, P, K, Fe, and Zn than <i>T. harzianum</i> T059 in clay soils, with the highest values of cation exchange capacity (CEC), pH, Ca, Mg and Mn. These effects were validated by Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA), texture, particularly clay concentration, OM, electrical conductivity (EC), and pH (physical parameters) and B and Cu (soil elements) are the main factors explaining the influence in the <i>Trichoderma</i> development. OM, EC, C:N ratio and Cu are the main soil characteristics that influence in <i>T. velutinum</i> T029 development and pH in the development of <i>T. harzianum</i> T059.https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/2/274soil physicochemical characteristicsreal-time quantitative PCR (qPCR)<i>Trichoderma velutinum</i><i>Trichoderma harzianum</i>beancanonical correlation analysis |
| spellingShingle | Sara Mayo-Prieto Alejandra J. Porteous-Álvarez Sergio Mezquita-García Álvaro Rodríguez-González Guzmán Carro-Huerga Sara del Ser-Herrero Santiago Gutiérrez Pedro A. Casquero Influence of Physicochemical Characteristics of Bean Crop Soil in <i>Trichoderma</i> spp. Development Agronomy soil physicochemical characteristics real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) <i>Trichoderma velutinum</i> <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> bean canonical correlation analysis |
| title | Influence of Physicochemical Characteristics of Bean Crop Soil in <i>Trichoderma</i> spp. Development |
| title_full | Influence of Physicochemical Characteristics of Bean Crop Soil in <i>Trichoderma</i> spp. Development |
| title_fullStr | Influence of Physicochemical Characteristics of Bean Crop Soil in <i>Trichoderma</i> spp. Development |
| title_full_unstemmed | Influence of Physicochemical Characteristics of Bean Crop Soil in <i>Trichoderma</i> spp. Development |
| title_short | Influence of Physicochemical Characteristics of Bean Crop Soil in <i>Trichoderma</i> spp. Development |
| title_sort | influence of physicochemical characteristics of bean crop soil in i trichoderma i spp development |
| topic | soil physicochemical characteristics real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) <i>Trichoderma velutinum</i> <i>Trichoderma harzianum</i> bean canonical correlation analysis |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4395/11/2/274 |
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