Effects of Extraction Methods on Phenolic Content in the Young Bamboo Culm Extracts of <i>Bambusa beecheyana</i> Munro
Nowadays, many studies focus on the potential of bamboo as a source of bioactive compounds and natural antioxidants for nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and food sources. This study is a pioneering effort to determine the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and free radical scavenging acti...
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| Format: | Article |
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MDPI AG
2022-04-01
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| Series: | Molecules |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/7/2359 |
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| author | Mohd. Izuddin Nuzul Vivien Yi Mian Jong Lee Feng Koo Thye Huat Chan Chung Huap Ang Juferi Idris Rafidah Husen Siaw Wei Wong |
| author_facet | Mohd. Izuddin Nuzul Vivien Yi Mian Jong Lee Feng Koo Thye Huat Chan Chung Huap Ang Juferi Idris Rafidah Husen Siaw Wei Wong |
| author_sort | Mohd. Izuddin Nuzul |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Nowadays, many studies focus on the potential of bamboo as a source of bioactive compounds and natural antioxidants for nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and food sources. This study is a pioneering effort to determine the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and free radical scavenging activity, as well as the phenolic identification and quantification of <i>Bambusa beecheyana</i>. The study was conducted by using ethanol, methanol, and water for solvent extraction by applying cold maceration, Soxhlet, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction techniques. The results showed that Soxhlet and ultrasonic-assisted <i>Bambusa beecheyana</i> culm extracts had an increase in the extract’s dry yield (1.13–8.81%) but a constant <i>p</i>-coumaric acid (<b>4</b>) content (0.00035 mg/g) as compared to the extracts from the cold maceration. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction method required only a small amount (250 mL) of solvent to extract the bamboo culms. A significant amount of total phenolics (107.65 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (43.89 ± 0.05 mg QE/g) were found in the Soxhlet methanol culm extract. The extract also possessed the most potent antioxidant activity with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 40.43 µg/mL as compared to the positive control, ascorbic acid. The UHPLC–ESI–MS/MS analysis was carried out on the Soxhlet methanol extract, ultrasonic-assisted extract at 40 min, and cold methanol extract. The analysis resulted in the putative identification of a total of five phenolics containing cinnamic acid derivatives. The two cinnamic acid derivatives, <i>p</i>-coumaric acid (<b>4</b>) and 4-methoxycinnamic acid (<b>5</b>), were then used as markers to quantify the concentration of both compounds in all the extracts. Both compounds were not found in the water extracts. These results revealed that the extract from Soxhlet methanol of <i>Bambusa beecheyana</i> could be a potential botanical source of natural antioxidants. This study provides an important chemical composition database for further preclinical research on <i>Bambusa beecheyana</i>. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:36:08Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-ac22c5b500cf47f2b019a6b88900b8da |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
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| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-09T11:36:08Z |
| publishDate | 2022-04-01 |
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| spelling | doaj.art-ac22c5b500cf47f2b019a6b88900b8da2023-11-30T23:43:08ZengMDPI AGMolecules1420-30492022-04-01277235910.3390/molecules27072359Effects of Extraction Methods on Phenolic Content in the Young Bamboo Culm Extracts of <i>Bambusa beecheyana</i> MunroMohd. Izuddin Nuzul0Vivien Yi Mian Jong1Lee Feng Koo2Thye Huat Chan3Chung Huap Ang4Juferi Idris5Rafidah Husen6Siaw Wei Wong7Centre of Applied Science Studies, Universiti Technologi MARA, Kota Samarahan 94300, Sarawak, MalaysiaCentre of Applied Science Studies, Universiti Technologi MARA, Kota Samarahan 94300, Sarawak, MalaysiaDepartment of Basic Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Bintulu Campus, Bintulu 97008, Sarawak, MalaysiaCarbon Xchange (Sarawak) Sdn. Bhd. 1st Floor, Lot 8724, Block 16, 17-C, Green Heights PH3, New Airport Road, Kuching 93250, Sarawak, MalaysiaCentre of Applied Science Studies, Universiti Technologi MARA, Kota Samarahan 94300, Sarawak, MalaysiaFaculty of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM), Sarawak Branch, Samarahan Campus, Kota Samarahan 94300, Sarawak, MalaysiaCentre of Applied Science Studies, Universiti Technologi MARA, Kota Samarahan 94300, Sarawak, MalaysiaCarbon Xchange (Sarawak) Sdn. Bhd. 1st Floor, Lot 8724, Block 16, 17-C, Green Heights PH3, New Airport Road, Kuching 93250, Sarawak, MalaysiaNowadays, many studies focus on the potential of bamboo as a source of bioactive compounds and natural antioxidants for nutraceutical, pharmaceutical, and food sources. This study is a pioneering effort to determine the total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and free radical scavenging activity, as well as the phenolic identification and quantification of <i>Bambusa beecheyana</i>. The study was conducted by using ethanol, methanol, and water for solvent extraction by applying cold maceration, Soxhlet, and ultrasonic-assisted extraction techniques. The results showed that Soxhlet and ultrasonic-assisted <i>Bambusa beecheyana</i> culm extracts had an increase in the extract’s dry yield (1.13–8.81%) but a constant <i>p</i>-coumaric acid (<b>4</b>) content (0.00035 mg/g) as compared to the extracts from the cold maceration. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction method required only a small amount (250 mL) of solvent to extract the bamboo culms. A significant amount of total phenolics (107.65 ± 0.01 mg GAE/g) and flavonoids (43.89 ± 0.05 mg QE/g) were found in the Soxhlet methanol culm extract. The extract also possessed the most potent antioxidant activity with an IC<sub>50</sub> value of 40.43 µg/mL as compared to the positive control, ascorbic acid. The UHPLC–ESI–MS/MS analysis was carried out on the Soxhlet methanol extract, ultrasonic-assisted extract at 40 min, and cold methanol extract. The analysis resulted in the putative identification of a total of five phenolics containing cinnamic acid derivatives. The two cinnamic acid derivatives, <i>p</i>-coumaric acid (<b>4</b>) and 4-methoxycinnamic acid (<b>5</b>), were then used as markers to quantify the concentration of both compounds in all the extracts. Both compounds were not found in the water extracts. These results revealed that the extract from Soxhlet methanol of <i>Bambusa beecheyana</i> could be a potential botanical source of natural antioxidants. This study provides an important chemical composition database for further preclinical research on <i>Bambusa beecheyana</i>.https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/7/2359<i>Bambusa beecheyana</i>total phenolic contenttotal flavonoid contentfree radical scavenging activitycinnamic acid derivatives |
| spellingShingle | Mohd. Izuddin Nuzul Vivien Yi Mian Jong Lee Feng Koo Thye Huat Chan Chung Huap Ang Juferi Idris Rafidah Husen Siaw Wei Wong Effects of Extraction Methods on Phenolic Content in the Young Bamboo Culm Extracts of <i>Bambusa beecheyana</i> Munro Molecules <i>Bambusa beecheyana</i> total phenolic content total flavonoid content free radical scavenging activity cinnamic acid derivatives |
| title | Effects of Extraction Methods on Phenolic Content in the Young Bamboo Culm Extracts of <i>Bambusa beecheyana</i> Munro |
| title_full | Effects of Extraction Methods on Phenolic Content in the Young Bamboo Culm Extracts of <i>Bambusa beecheyana</i> Munro |
| title_fullStr | Effects of Extraction Methods on Phenolic Content in the Young Bamboo Culm Extracts of <i>Bambusa beecheyana</i> Munro |
| title_full_unstemmed | Effects of Extraction Methods on Phenolic Content in the Young Bamboo Culm Extracts of <i>Bambusa beecheyana</i> Munro |
| title_short | Effects of Extraction Methods on Phenolic Content in the Young Bamboo Culm Extracts of <i>Bambusa beecheyana</i> Munro |
| title_sort | effects of extraction methods on phenolic content in the young bamboo culm extracts of i bambusa beecheyana i munro |
| topic | <i>Bambusa beecheyana</i> total phenolic content total flavonoid content free radical scavenging activity cinnamic acid derivatives |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/27/7/2359 |
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