Immune Checkpoints, a Novel Class of Therapeutic Targets for Autoimmune Diseases
Autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and type-1 diabetes, are the outcomes of a failure of immune tolerance. Immune tolerance is sustained through interplays between two inter-dependent clusters of immune activities: immune stimulation and immune regulation. The mechanisms of immune regul...
| Main Authors: | , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2021-04-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Immunology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.645699/full |
| _version_ | 1818958727739342848 |
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| author | Yujia Zhai Reza Moosavi Mingnan Chen |
| author_facet | Yujia Zhai Reza Moosavi Mingnan Chen |
| author_sort | Yujia Zhai |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Autoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and type-1 diabetes, are the outcomes of a failure of immune tolerance. Immune tolerance is sustained through interplays between two inter-dependent clusters of immune activities: immune stimulation and immune regulation. The mechanisms of immune regulation are exploited as therapeutic targets for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. One of these mechanisms is immune checkpoints (ICPs). The roles of ICPs in maintaining immune tolerance and hence suppressing autoimmunity were revealed in animal models and validated by the clinical successes of ICP-targeted therapeutics for autoimmune diseases. Recently, these roles were highlighted by the clinical discovery that the blockade of ICPs causes autoimmune disorders. Given the crucial roles of ICPs in immune tolerance, it is plausible to leverage ICPs as a group of therapeutic targets to restore immune tolerance and treat autoimmune diseases. In this review, we first summarize working mechanisms of ICPs, particularly those that have been utilized for therapeutic development. Then, we recount the agents and approaches that were developed to target ICPs and treat autoimmune disorders. These agents take forms of fusion proteins, antibodies, nucleic acids, and cells. We also review and discuss safety information for these therapeutics. We wrap up this review by providing prospects for the development of ICP-targeting therapeutics. In summary, the ever-increasing studies and results of ICP-targeting of therapeutics underscore their tremendous potential to become a powerful class of medicine for autoimmune diseases. |
| first_indexed | 2024-12-20T11:30:21Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b16a6c68d0814a1da5138c72db7716bd |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 1664-3224 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-12-20T11:30:21Z |
| publishDate | 2021-04-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Frontiers in Immunology |
| spelling | doaj.art-b16a6c68d0814a1da5138c72db7716bd2022-12-21T19:42:15ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Immunology1664-32242021-04-011210.3389/fimmu.2021.645699645699Immune Checkpoints, a Novel Class of Therapeutic Targets for Autoimmune DiseasesYujia ZhaiReza MoosaviMingnan ChenAutoimmune diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and type-1 diabetes, are the outcomes of a failure of immune tolerance. Immune tolerance is sustained through interplays between two inter-dependent clusters of immune activities: immune stimulation and immune regulation. The mechanisms of immune regulation are exploited as therapeutic targets for the treatment of autoimmune diseases. One of these mechanisms is immune checkpoints (ICPs). The roles of ICPs in maintaining immune tolerance and hence suppressing autoimmunity were revealed in animal models and validated by the clinical successes of ICP-targeted therapeutics for autoimmune diseases. Recently, these roles were highlighted by the clinical discovery that the blockade of ICPs causes autoimmune disorders. Given the crucial roles of ICPs in immune tolerance, it is plausible to leverage ICPs as a group of therapeutic targets to restore immune tolerance and treat autoimmune diseases. In this review, we first summarize working mechanisms of ICPs, particularly those that have been utilized for therapeutic development. Then, we recount the agents and approaches that were developed to target ICPs and treat autoimmune disorders. These agents take forms of fusion proteins, antibodies, nucleic acids, and cells. We also review and discuss safety information for these therapeutics. We wrap up this review by providing prospects for the development of ICP-targeting therapeutics. In summary, the ever-increasing studies and results of ICP-targeting of therapeutics underscore their tremendous potential to become a powerful class of medicine for autoimmune diseases.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.645699/fullimmune checkpointsautoimmune diseasestherapeuticsfusion proteinviral proteinnucleic acid |
| spellingShingle | Yujia Zhai Reza Moosavi Mingnan Chen Immune Checkpoints, a Novel Class of Therapeutic Targets for Autoimmune Diseases Frontiers in Immunology immune checkpoints autoimmune diseases therapeutics fusion protein viral protein nucleic acid |
| title | Immune Checkpoints, a Novel Class of Therapeutic Targets for Autoimmune Diseases |
| title_full | Immune Checkpoints, a Novel Class of Therapeutic Targets for Autoimmune Diseases |
| title_fullStr | Immune Checkpoints, a Novel Class of Therapeutic Targets for Autoimmune Diseases |
| title_full_unstemmed | Immune Checkpoints, a Novel Class of Therapeutic Targets for Autoimmune Diseases |
| title_short | Immune Checkpoints, a Novel Class of Therapeutic Targets for Autoimmune Diseases |
| title_sort | immune checkpoints a novel class of therapeutic targets for autoimmune diseases |
| topic | immune checkpoints autoimmune diseases therapeutics fusion protein viral protein nucleic acid |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2021.645699/full |
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