Surface Functionalization of Sugarcane-Bagasse-Derived Cellulose Nanocrystal for Pickering Emulsion Gel: Microstructural Properties and Stability Efficiency
An environmentally friendly Pickering stabilizer was developed by upcycling sugarcane bagasse (SCB) into a cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), which was subjected to surface modification by using quaternary ammonium compound to enhance its amphiphilic characteristics. The changes in microstructural propert...
| Main Authors: | , , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2023-09-01
|
| Series: | Gels |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/9/9/734 |
| _version_ | 1797579969397784576 |
|---|---|
| author | Shao Hui Teo Yern Chee Ching Mochamad Zakki Fahmi Hwei Voon Lee |
| author_facet | Shao Hui Teo Yern Chee Ching Mochamad Zakki Fahmi Hwei Voon Lee |
| author_sort | Shao Hui Teo |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | An environmentally friendly Pickering stabilizer was developed by upcycling sugarcane bagasse (SCB) into a cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), which was subjected to surface modification by using quaternary ammonium compound to enhance its amphiphilic characteristics. The changes in microstructural properties of modified cellulose nanocrystal (m-CNC), such as surface functional group, thermal stability, surface morphology, elemental composition, and particle size distribution were investigated. Results indicated the success of quaternary ammonium compound grafting with the presence of a trimethyl-alkyl chain on the cellulose structure, while the m-CNC preserves the needle-like nanoparticles in length of ~534 nm and width of ~20 nm. The colloidal profile of m-CNC-stabilized oil–water emulsion gels with different concentrations of m-CNC (1–5 wt%), and oil:water (O:W) ratios (3:7, 5:5, 7:3) were examined. The emulsion gel stability study indicated that the optimal concentration of m-CNC (3 wt%) was able to stabilize all the emulsion gels at different O:W ratios with an emulsion index of >80% for 3 months. It is the minimum concentration of m-CNC to form a robust colloidal network around the small oil droplets, leading to the formation of stable emulsion gels. The emulsion gel with O:W ratio (3:7) with 3 wt% of m-CNC rendered the best m-CNC–oil-droplets dispersion. The m-CNC effectively retained the size of oil droplets (<10 μm for 3 months storage) against coalescence and creaming by creating a steric barrier between the two immiscible phases. Furthermore, the emulsion gel exhibited the highest viscosity and storage modulus which was able to prevent creaming or sedimentation of the emulsion gels. |
| first_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:43:40Z |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj.art-b194c8f2cb54432abdbd170f4a4f50a5 |
| institution | Directory Open Access Journal |
| issn | 2310-2861 |
| language | English |
| last_indexed | 2024-03-10T22:43:40Z |
| publishDate | 2023-09-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Gels |
| spelling | doaj.art-b194c8f2cb54432abdbd170f4a4f50a52023-11-19T10:51:05ZengMDPI AGGels2310-28612023-09-019973410.3390/gels9090734Surface Functionalization of Sugarcane-Bagasse-Derived Cellulose Nanocrystal for Pickering Emulsion Gel: Microstructural Properties and Stability EfficiencyShao Hui Teo0Yern Chee Ching1Mochamad Zakki Fahmi2Hwei Voon Lee3Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Center (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, MalaysiaDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, MalaysiaDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya 60115, IndonesiaNanotechnology & Catalysis Research Center (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, MalaysiaAn environmentally friendly Pickering stabilizer was developed by upcycling sugarcane bagasse (SCB) into a cellulose nanocrystal (CNC), which was subjected to surface modification by using quaternary ammonium compound to enhance its amphiphilic characteristics. The changes in microstructural properties of modified cellulose nanocrystal (m-CNC), such as surface functional group, thermal stability, surface morphology, elemental composition, and particle size distribution were investigated. Results indicated the success of quaternary ammonium compound grafting with the presence of a trimethyl-alkyl chain on the cellulose structure, while the m-CNC preserves the needle-like nanoparticles in length of ~534 nm and width of ~20 nm. The colloidal profile of m-CNC-stabilized oil–water emulsion gels with different concentrations of m-CNC (1–5 wt%), and oil:water (O:W) ratios (3:7, 5:5, 7:3) were examined. The emulsion gel stability study indicated that the optimal concentration of m-CNC (3 wt%) was able to stabilize all the emulsion gels at different O:W ratios with an emulsion index of >80% for 3 months. It is the minimum concentration of m-CNC to form a robust colloidal network around the small oil droplets, leading to the formation of stable emulsion gels. The emulsion gel with O:W ratio (3:7) with 3 wt% of m-CNC rendered the best m-CNC–oil-droplets dispersion. The m-CNC effectively retained the size of oil droplets (<10 μm for 3 months storage) against coalescence and creaming by creating a steric barrier between the two immiscible phases. Furthermore, the emulsion gel exhibited the highest viscosity and storage modulus which was able to prevent creaming or sedimentation of the emulsion gels.https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/9/9/734biomassnanocellulosestearyltrimethylammonium chloridesurface modificationdispersion–adsorptioncolloidal stability |
| spellingShingle | Shao Hui Teo Yern Chee Ching Mochamad Zakki Fahmi Hwei Voon Lee Surface Functionalization of Sugarcane-Bagasse-Derived Cellulose Nanocrystal for Pickering Emulsion Gel: Microstructural Properties and Stability Efficiency Gels biomass nanocellulose stearyltrimethylammonium chloride surface modification dispersion–adsorption colloidal stability |
| title | Surface Functionalization of Sugarcane-Bagasse-Derived Cellulose Nanocrystal for Pickering Emulsion Gel: Microstructural Properties and Stability Efficiency |
| title_full | Surface Functionalization of Sugarcane-Bagasse-Derived Cellulose Nanocrystal for Pickering Emulsion Gel: Microstructural Properties and Stability Efficiency |
| title_fullStr | Surface Functionalization of Sugarcane-Bagasse-Derived Cellulose Nanocrystal for Pickering Emulsion Gel: Microstructural Properties and Stability Efficiency |
| title_full_unstemmed | Surface Functionalization of Sugarcane-Bagasse-Derived Cellulose Nanocrystal for Pickering Emulsion Gel: Microstructural Properties and Stability Efficiency |
| title_short | Surface Functionalization of Sugarcane-Bagasse-Derived Cellulose Nanocrystal for Pickering Emulsion Gel: Microstructural Properties and Stability Efficiency |
| title_sort | surface functionalization of sugarcane bagasse derived cellulose nanocrystal for pickering emulsion gel microstructural properties and stability efficiency |
| topic | biomass nanocellulose stearyltrimethylammonium chloride surface modification dispersion–adsorption colloidal stability |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2310-2861/9/9/734 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT shaohuiteo surfacefunctionalizationofsugarcanebagassederivedcellulosenanocrystalforpickeringemulsiongelmicrostructuralpropertiesandstabilityefficiency AT yerncheeching surfacefunctionalizationofsugarcanebagassederivedcellulosenanocrystalforpickeringemulsiongelmicrostructuralpropertiesandstabilityefficiency AT mochamadzakkifahmi surfacefunctionalizationofsugarcanebagassederivedcellulosenanocrystalforpickeringemulsiongelmicrostructuralpropertiesandstabilityefficiency AT hweivoonlee surfacefunctionalizationofsugarcanebagassederivedcellulosenanocrystalforpickeringemulsiongelmicrostructuralpropertiesandstabilityefficiency |