Intranasal Insulin Eases Autism in Rats via GDF-15 and Anti-Inflammatory Pathways
In rat models, it is well-documented that chronic administration of propionic acid (PPA) leads to autism-like behaviors. Although the intranasal (IN) insulin approach is predominantly recognized for its effects on food restriction, it has also been shown to enhance cognitive memory by influencing va...
| Main Authors: | , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2024-09-01
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| Series: | Current Issues in Molecular Biology |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1467-3045/46/9/624 |